English Centre, The University of Hong Kong
Introduction to the Bibliography
Hong Kong has a rich linguistic history and, as it is re-integrated into China, promises a complex and fascinating future - not least to students of language. While in this electronic age it is easier than ever to tap into bibliographic databases worldwide, those databases need first to be compiled.
This is the first edition of a bibliography which the English Centre intends to publish biennially, and to update more regularly on the internet. This bibliography aims to bring together the many disparate sources that can throw light on Hong Kong’s complex language picture. Although the scope of this bibliography extends to all Hong Kong’s principal languages - Cantonese, Putonghua and English - its focus is on work which is concerned in some way with social, political or educational aspects of language policy, teaching or learning. This has meant the exclusion of the large volume of work on the linguistic analysis of Hong Kong’s main languages, even when published by scholars working in Hong Kong. In compensation I have included a range of major linguistic surveys of Cantonese, studies of Cantonese of historical interest, some work noting language change, and a number of comparative and pragmatic studies of Cantonese, Mandarin and other languages being used, learned or taught in Hong Kong or in the southern Guangdong region.. Readers looking for work on Cantonese linguistics - and the interrelationship with Mandarin and other Chinese dialects - are referred to Y-S Cheung and Y. Gan’s comprehensive `Bibliography of Yue Dialect Studies’, published by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (1993).
The great majority of the 980 entries are, however, concerned with the role of the English language in Hong Kong, not only with the teaching and learning of English, but with the social, political and educational impact in Hong Kong over the past 155 years. I have, however, excluded from this bibliography the great majority of the English or Chinese language teaching materials that have been published for the Hong Kong market. I have also excluded those many locally-produced theoretical papers on language teaching, learning and assessment where I have felt the reference or specific relevance to the Hong Kong language situation is only incidental. For a more comprehensive bibliography of earlier work on English teaching (published pre-1974), readers are referred to Alan Etherton’s Teaching English to Chinese-speaking learners: A first bibliography of research and studies.
In its 1st edition, then, this bibliographic database does not pretend to be comprehensive; much archival work clearly remains to be done. One other shortcoming is that this first edition only lists items with their English titles. In the next edition we plan to greatly extend the coverage of Chinese-language publications, and will list these with their original Chinese titles, followed by an English translation [except for those papers with `official' English and Chinese titles, e.g. as for some government departments].
The decision to structure the bibliography into 15 chapters will inevitably draw criticism. Many of the chapter headings were chosen for their correspondence to well-established areas of language research in Hong Kong; but as research becomes more interdisciplinary, such compartmentalisation will have its limitations. This is one further reason why this database will be made available on the Internet, so that researchers can search according to more specific key-words, time periods and other fields. Information about this development will be posted early in 1997 on the English Centre Web Home Page: http://www.hku.hk/engctr/home.html. The index to this 1st edition is an author index, which lists the first line of each reference to allow readers to distinguish between the dates and titles of an author's publications.
I hope the 1st edition of this bibliography will prompt language scholars to contact me, or my colleagues in the English Centre, to help remedy the many omissions. Wherever readers perceive problems or gaps in the bibliography - notably omissions of their own work - they are asked to send us details of those omissions. Notification of new publications will also be welcome. Wherever possible, could contributors please also enclose actual copies of the publications they bring to our attention, as the English Centre is attempting to build up a hard-copy database in its Library, and is seeking copyright permission to hold one copy of each item for this archive. Please address any information or submissions to "LangBib Hong Kong", c/o the editors of the Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, English Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong [or by faxing (852)2547.3409, or E-mailing njbruce@hku.hk].
Nigel Bruce, August 1996
Postscript: There is now (May, 1998) an addition to this bibliography, in the form of the Language in Hong Kong Education & Society (LIHKES) online database of HKU theses and dissertations between 1945 and 1997. This will be available on the HKU Library HomePage from June 1998 at http://asterix.lib.hku.hk/lihkes/
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to my colleague Tse Lai Kun for her early support in extending this study to include works on the Chinese languages, to Phil Benson for reading the proofs, and to Denis Williamson and Allen Wan for their help in indexing the bibliography. Thanks are due to my colleagues in the English Centre and to the many language scholars throughout Hong Kong who responded to my request for their personal bibliographies. I am grateful to the following colleagues for taking the time to write: Desmond Allison, Phil Benson, Gillian Bickley, Verner Bickley, Kingsley Bolton, Erlinda Boyle, Joseph Boyle, John Clark, John Duncan, Gail Fu, Henry Hepburn, K.C. Ho, Keith Johnson, Agnes Lam, Lee Hok-Ming, Nancy Lee, Steve Matthews, Liu Ngar Fun, Martha Pennington, Herb Pierson, Tony Sweeting and Virginia Yip. I am particularly indebted to the compilers of three important bibliographic resources: the superb Hong Kong Collection of the University of Hong Kong Library, Rebecca Foo and Ah Fong Cox’s ELT in Hong Kong bibliography, and Cheung Yat Shing and Gan Yu'en's Bibliography of Yue Dialect Studies.
I apologise in advance for the many omissions readers will find, and offer thanks in advance to those readers who respond by helping to fill those gaps.
Nigel Bruce, August 1996
CONTENTS
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| Chapter 1 General: | ||
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6 |
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| Chapter 2 History of language policy in Hong Kong | 7 |
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| Chapter 3 Language attitudes & policy in Hong Kong | 11 |
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| Chapter 4 Bi- & multilingual Hong Kong: | 23 |
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- comparative language analysis |
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- cross-cultural issues |
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| Chapter 5 Language alternation: Code-switching & code-mixing | 29 |
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| Chapter 6 Language standards | 33 |
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| Chapter 7 `Hong Kong English': | 35 |
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| Chapter 8 Chinese language(s) in Hong Kong | 39 |
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| Chapter 9 Language learning: attitudes and motivation | 49 |
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| Chapter 10 Language learning: problems & approaches | 53 |
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| Chapter 11 Language teaching: problems & approaches | 63 |
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| Chapter 12 Teacher development & curriculum renewal | 73 |
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| Chapter 13 Language assessment and programme evaluation | 83 |
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| Chapter 14 Language(s) for specific purposes in Hong Kong | 87 |
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| Chapter 15 Tertiary education in Hong Kong: | 91 |
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| Author Index | 97 |
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and Society :
A BIBLIOGRAPHY
compiled byNigel Bruce
English Centre
The University of Hong Kong
A MONOGRAPH of the English Centre,
1996: 1st Edition.
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL
This opening chapter features either edited collections - notably conference proceedings - which contain papers which range across a number of the topic areas covered in this bibliography, or works which range beyond the scope of the bibliography, but which nevertheless contain much material relevant to the overall theme - such as Hong Kong Government Green and White Papers on education. Part b) offers a list of the main Hong Kong-published or edited periodicals which have dealt over the years - either wholly or in part - with issues of language in Hong Kong education and society.
a) Books, Reports & Theses
Bickley, V. (Ed) (1986) Future directions in English language teacher education: Asia perspectives [English-language proceedings of 1st International ILE Conference, 1985]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Bickley, V. (Ed) (1987) Re-exploring CELT: continuing education for language teachers [English-language proceedings of 2nd ILE Conference, 1986]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Bickley, V. (Ed)(1988) Languages in education in a bi-lingual or multi-lingual setting [English-language proceedings of 3rd ILE Conference, 1987]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Bickley, V. (Ed) (1989) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures [English-language proceedings of 4th ILE Conference, 1988]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Bickley, V. (Ed) (1990) Language use, language teaching and the curriculum [English-language proceedings of 5th ILE Conference, 1989]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Bickley, V. (Ed) (1991) Where from here ? Issues relating to the planning, managing and implementation of language teaching and training programmes in the 90's [English-language proceedings of 6th ILE Conference, 1990]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Bird, N. & J. Harris (Eds) (1992) Quilt and Quill: achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning [English-language proceedings of 7th ILE Conference, 1991]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Bird, N. et al (Eds) (1993) Language and Content [English-language proceedings of 8th ILE Conference, 1992]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
British Council (1988) Report on the interim evaluation of the first year of the Expatriate English Language Teachers Pilot Scheme. Hong Kong: The British Council 62pp.
Cheng, T-A. (1994) A selective bibliography of Cantonese Chinese Linguistics (1900-1993). Hong Kong: Educational and Cultural Press Ltd. 36pp.
Chiu, R. K-W. (1970) Language contact and language planning in China (1900-1967): a selected bibliography. Quebec: Les Presses de l’Universite de Laval, for the International Center for Research on Bilingualism.
Crawford, N. (Ed) (1985) Collected papers in response to the Education Commission’s 2nd Report on Education in Hong Kong. Education Papers, No.1 . Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong. 91pp.
Crawford, N. & E. Hui (Eds) (1991) The Curriculum and Behaviour Problems in Schools: a response to Education Commission Report No.4. Faculty of Education Paper No.11, The University of Hong Kong. 187pp.
Curriculum Development Committee (1975) Provisional syllabus for English (Forms I-V). Hong Kong Education Department. Hong Kong: Government Printer. 160pp.
Curriculum Development Committee (1983) Provisional syllabus for English (Forms I-V). Hong Kong Education Department. Hong Kong: Government Printer. 148pp.
Education Commission (HK) (1984) Educational policy and planning for Hong Kong. Education Commission Report No.1. Hong Kong Government printer.
Education Commission (HK) (1990) The curriculum and behavioural problems in schools. Education Commission Report No.4. Hong Kong Government printer.
Education Commission (H.K.) (1992) The teaching profession: Report No. 5. Hong Kong: Government Printer. 133pp.
Education Commission (HK) (1994) Report of the Working group on Language proficiency. Hong Kong Government Printer. July.
Education Department (HK) (1989) Report of the Working Group set up to review language improvement measures. Hong Kong Government Printer. 88pp.
Education Department (HK) (1990) Handbook on remedial teaching of English in secondary schools. Hong Kong: Education Department. 48pp.
Educators’ Social Action Council (1974) English teaching and social attitudes. Pamphlet No. 2. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Educators’ Social Action Council. 26pp.
Etherton, A.R.B. (1974) Teaching English to Chinese-speaking learners: a first bibliography of research and studies. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 66pp.
Faculty of Education, HKU. (1985) Collected Papers on Education in Hong Kong: Responses to the Education Commission's 1st Report. The University of Hong Kong. 91pp.
Friederichs, J.O. (1988) The current Hong Kong educational situation in comparative perspective. PhD Thesis. London: London Institute of Education.
Fulton Commission (1963) Report of the Fulton Commission on the creation of a federal-type Chinese University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Government Printer. 132pp.
Hoffman, B. (1970) Historical development of education in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis, Monterey Institute of Foreign Studies.
Hong Kong Government (1963) Report of the (Marsh-Sampson) Education Commission [summarised in HKG 1981]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.
Hong Kong Government (1965) White Paper: Education policy [summarised in HKG 1981]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.
Hong Kong Government (1973) Green Paper: Report on the proposed expansion of secondary school education over the next decade [summarised in HKG 1981]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer. 55pp.
Hong Kong Government (1974) White Paper: Secondary education in Hong Kong over the next decade [summarised in HKG 1981]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer. 26pp.
Hong Kong Government (1977) Green Paper: Senior secondary and tertiary education: a development programme for Hong Kong over the next decade [summarised in HKG 1981]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.
Hong Kong Government (1978) White Paper: The development of senior secondary and tertiary education [summarised in HKG 1981]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.
Hong Kong Government (1979) Report of the Committee on sixth-form education [summarised in HKG 1981]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.
Hong Kong Government (1980) Report of the committee to review the application of the parity of subsidy principle to the English-speaking schools [accepted by Exco 23/9/80]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.
Hong Kong Government (1981) The Hong Kong education system: an overall review. Government secretariat, Hong Kong Government Printer. 262pp.
Law, K-C. (1979) The history of adult education in Hong Kong: an analysis of role, scope and change from 1955-1975. PhD Thesis. Florida State University.
Lee, H-M. & K-C. Ho (Eds) (1990) Language use, language teaching and the curriculum [Chinese language proceedings from 5th ILE Conference, 1989]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 360pp.
Lee, H-M. & K-C. Ho (Eds) (1991) Where from here ? Issues relating to the planning, managing and implementation of language teaching and training programmes in the 90's [Chinese language proceedings from 6th ILE Conference, 1990]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 343pp.
Lee, H-M. & K-C. Ho (Eds) (1992) Quilt and Quill: achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning [Chinese language proceedings from 7th ILE Conference, 1991]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 354pp.
Lee, H-M. & K-C. Ho (Eds) (1993) Language and Content. [Chinese language proceedings from 8th ILE Conference, 1992]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 403pp.
Lee, W.O. (1988) Social change and education problems in Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong. London: Macmillan. 303pp.
Llewellyn, J. et al (1982) A perspective on education in Hong Kong: report by a visiting panel. Hong Kong: Government Printer.
Lord, R. (Ed) (1979) Hong Kong Language Papers. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 246pp.
Lord, R. & H. Cheng (Eds) (1987) Language Education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
Luke, K.K. (Ed) (1992) Into the 21st century: issues of language in education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Linguistic Society of Hong Kong.
Morris, P. (1995) The Hong Kong school curriculum: developments, issues and policies. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Piotrowska, M. (Ed) (1988) Special Issue of Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching: Abstracts of M.A. Dissertations, The University of Hong Kong: 1978-1987. Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong
Postiglione, G. (Ed)(1992) Education and society in Hong Kong: towards one country and 2 systems. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Simpson, R.F.. (1967) The development of education in Hong Kong: problems and priorities. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of London. 536pp.
Sweeting, A. (Ed) (1990) Differences and identities: educational argument in late twentieth century Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong. 162pp.
Education Journal
b) Journals/research report series (published or edited in Hong Kong)
Education Journal, School of Education, Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong. 1972--> present.
H.K. Educational Research Journal, Hong Kong Educational Research Association, Hong Kong.
HKPU Working Papers in ELT and Applied Linguistics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University. 1995 --> present.
Hong Kong Linguist: Hong Kong Institute of Linguists. 1986 --> present.
Hong Kong Linguistic Society Newsletter, Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. From 1982.
Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching (1989-95); English & Language Centres, University of Hong Kong. (now H.K. Journal of Applied Linguistics)
(HK) ILE Journal, Institute of Language in Education, Education Department, Hong Kong.
Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. Clevedon, Avon: Multi-Lingual Matters. 1990--> present.
Journal of Education, University of Education. 1954-1969 (ceased).
Language Learning and Communication, [Vols 1-3: 1982-1984] New York: John Wiley.
New Horizons: Journal of Hong Kong Teachers' Association. 1961 --> present.
Occasional Papers in English Language Teaching. ELTU, Chinese University of Hong Kong. 1991-1995; from 1996: Asian Journal of English Language Teaching
Perspectives. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong [from 1994: City University of Hong Kong]: 1982 --> present
Research Reports, English Dept., City Polytechnic/University of Hong Kong. From 1989
Research Monographs, English Dept., City University of Hong Kong: 1994 --> present
Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching (1978-1988); Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong (subsequently Hongkong Papers …)
CHAPTER 2: : HISTORY OF LANGUAGE POLICY IN HONG KONG
The following two chapters cover material relating to language policy in Hong Kong, and the attitudes that informed policy and the public responses to policy. It was difficult to find a satisfactory way of further dividing these papers - beyond drawing a subjective historical line. This chapter is intended to provide entry points to a vast source of literature. Readers interested in the linguistic history of Hong Kong, particularly in its education system, are referred to the Bickley and Sweeting publications for their extensive archival references. The Hong Kong Collection of the Library of the University of Hong Kong holds many of the older documents listed below (e.g. see HK(P) 370.95125).
Bentley Leung, M. (1988) Language, culture and education in Hong Kong before 1941. Paper presented at the Centre of Asian Studies, 10/11/88.
Bickley, G. (1991) Social pressures on language in education in 19th century Hong Kong and applications for understanding the social pressures on language in education in Hong Kong today. In Bickley, V. (1991) Where from here ? Issues relating to the planning, managing and implementation of language teaching and training programmes in the 90's. Institute of Language in Education, Hong Kong Education Department.
Bickley, G. (1991) The 1878 controversy about the standard of English in Hong Kong: what does it tell us ? How can we apply this to today ? Mimeo. English Dept., Hong Kong Baptist College.
Burney, E. (1935) Report on education in Hong Kong. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. 27pp.
Cheng, T.C. (1939) Changes in local vernacular schools. Hong Kong University Journal of Education, January. 46-52.
Cheng, T.C. (1949) The education of the Overseas Chinese: a comparative study of Hong Kong, Singapore and the East Indies. M.A. Thesis. University of London. 425pp.
Chung, Y-P. & H-C. Lu (1984) A survey and classification of research on Hong Kong education since World War II. Hong Kong: Centre for Hong Kong Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong. 171pp.
Clarke, P. (1961) The development of the English-language press on the China coast, 1827-1881. M.A. Thesis, University of London. 523pp.
Crawford, L. (1991) Education in Hong Kong: government development of primary and secondary education, 1945-78. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Western Australia.
Eitel, E.J. (1891) Materials for a history of education in Hong Kong. The China Review, XIX. March/April. [Esp. pp 308-324; 335-368].
Fong, M.Y. (1974) The first 100 years of Hong Kong Education. Hong Kong: China Learning Institute (In Chinese).
Fung, P-W. (1988) The development of higher education in a developing city: Hong Kong, 1900-1980. PhD Thesis. Hull, U.K.: The University of Hull. 506pp.
Fu, G. (1979) Bilingual education in Hong Kong: a historical perspective. Working Papers in Language and Language Teaching, 1. 1-19.
Giles, H.A. (1886). A glossary of reference on subjects connected with the Far East. Hong Kong: Lane, Crawford. 2nd edn. 283pp.
Gourdon, H. (1911) L'enseignement Anglo-chinois a Hong Kong. Hanoi: Imprimerie d'extreme-orient. 14pp. [+ Bibliographic footnotes, Extrait de la Revue Indochinoise, no.3, Mars, 1911].
Hong Kong Education Department (1914) Educational systems of the chief colonies not possessing responsible government: Hong Kong. Proceedings of 1911 Imperial Education Conference, London; edited by E. Irving, Director of Education, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Noronha. 70pp.
Hong Kong Government (1878) Minutes of the Education conference of 25 February 1878. Hong Kong Government Gazettes, 9/3/78 p.90.
Hong Kong Government (1882) Report of the Education Commission (appointed by the Governor, J. Pope-Henessy) to consider certain questions connected with education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Noronha & Co., Government Printer. 128, 48pp.
Irving, E. A. (1905) The system of education in Hong Kong. In G.B. Board of Education: Educational systems of the chief crown colonies and possessions of the British Empire. London. 61-132.
Kan, K-C. (1960) Educational development in post-war Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong. 272pp.
Lobscheid, W. (1859) A few notices on the extent of Chinese education and the Government schools in Hong Kong. (Source ?)
Lugard, F.D. (1912) The problem of universities in the East in regard to their influence on character and moral ideals. In A. Hill (Ed) Proceedings of the Congress of the universities of the Empire. London. 128-136.
Lun, A. N-H (1967) Educational policy and the public response in Hong Kong, 1842-1913. M.A. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong. 340pp.
Ng Lun N-H. (1976) Development of government education for the Chinese in Hong Kong. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Ng Lun N-H. (1984) Interactions of East and West: Development of public education in early Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Chinese University Press.
Pope-Henessy, Sir J. (1879/80) Governor's report on the Blue Book. Hong Kong Administrative Reports, Hong Kong.
Sayer, G.R. (1975a) Hong Kong 1841-1862: Birth, adolescence and coming of age. (Edited by D. Evans). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Sayer, G.R. (1975b) Hong Kong 1862-1919: Years of discretion. (Edited by D. Evans). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Simpson, I.G. (1989) Language and nationalism in the political development of Southeast Asia. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 136pp.
Sweeting, A. (1986) The social history of education in Hong Kong: notes and sources. Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong.
Sweeting, A. (1989) The reconstruction of education in postwar Hong Kong, 1945-1954. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong.
Sweeting, A. (1990) Controversy over the re-opening of the University of Hong Kong, 1942-1948. In E. Sinn (Ed) Between East and West: aspects of social and political development in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, The University of Hong Kong.
Sweeting, A. (1990) Education in Hong Kong pre-1841 to 1941: fact and opinion: materials for a history of education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 501pp.
Sweeting, A. (1992) Hong Kong education within historical processes. In G. Postiglione, G. (Ed) Education and society in Hong Kong: towards one country and 2 systems. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 39-82.
Sweeting, A. (1993) The phoenix transformed: the reconstruction of education in post-war Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 283pp.
J.T. (1877) Dates and events (1857-1877) connected with the history of education in Hong Kong. [Attributed to John Timoleon(i), Bishop Raimondi]. Hong Kong: St. Lewis Reformatory.
Urban Council (H.K.) (1993) Education in Hong Kong - Past and present. Catalogue to exhibition, Hong Kong Museum of History.
Vikner, D. (1987) The role of Christian Missions in the establishment of Hong Kong's system of education. Ph.D. thesis. Teachers College, Columbia University. 340pp.
Workman, G. (aka Bickley) (1989) Contact pedagogies: Frederick Stewart's perception of appropriate language teaching in early Hong Kong. Can we apply his views today ? In V. Bickley (Ed) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures. Institute of Language in Education, HK Education Department. 382-397.
Yuen Yau (1984) A historical study of the educational system of Hong Kong. (In Chinese). Hong Kong: Progressive Education Publishers.
CHAPTER 3: LANGUAGE ATTITUDES & POLICY IN HONG KONG
(including medium of instruction issues)
That this is the single largest section of the bibliography is indicative of the interest generated by the socio-political dimension of Hong Kong's linguistic profile. Both this and the previous chapter should prove particularly useful to historians of language, as Hong Kong approaches a return to Chinese sovereignty and possibly experiences further shifts in the balance of linguistic influence and power among Cantonese, Putonghua and English. This chapter also includes most of the materials written on the vexing issue of medium of instruction in Hong Kong’s education system.
Bickley, V. (1985) Planning for language use in Hong Kong. ILE Journal, 1. 7-16.
Bickley, V. (1986) Not the domination of the moon: Some speculation about English language change and English language use in Hong Kong. The Linguist, Autumn, 25,4. 210-204.
Bickley, V. (1991) Where from there ? Awareness of language use and the usefulness of language awareness in Hong Kong. In V. Bickley (Ed) Where form here ? Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 15-36.
Biggs, J.B. (1990) Effects of language medium of instruction on approaches to learning. H.K. Educational Research Journal, 5. 18-28.
Biggs, J. & D. Watkins (Eds) (1993) Learning and teaching in Hong Kong: what it is and what it might be. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong. 223pp.
Bond, M. (1985) Language as a carrier of ethnic stereotypes in Hong Kong. Journal of Social Psychology, 125. 53-62.
Bos, W. (1990) On mother tongue teaching material of ethnic minorities: a comparative analysis. Studies in Higher Education, 15,1. 45-62.
Boyle, E. (1990) Mother-tongue and English-medium education in Hong Kong schools. Language Issues, 14,1. 26-29.
Boyle, E. (1990) Is there a bilingual answer for Hong Kong ? Evaluation and Research in Education, 4,3. 117-129.
Bray, M. (1992) Hong Kong education in an international context: the impact of external forces. In Postiglione, G. (Ed) Education and society in Hong Kong: towards one country and 2 systems. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 83-94.
Brimer, A. (1979) Motivational and environmental factors in bilingual education. In R. Lord & B. T’sou (Eds) Studies in Bilingual Education. Hong Kong: Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 29-32.
Brimer, A. et al. (1985) The effects of the medium of instruction on the achievement of Form 2 students in Hong Kong secondary schools. Hong Kong: Joint project of the Educational Research Establishment, Hong Kong Education Dept., & HKU Faculty of Education.
Bruce, N. (1990) EL2-medium education in a largely monolingual society: the case of Hong Kong. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 13. 9-23.
Bruce, N. (1991) Prioritising equality of outcome in Hong Kong secondary school education. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics & Language Teaching, 14. 81-87.
Chan, H-K. (1991) Academic achievement among secondary school students: the effects of language of instruction during primary school years. M.Ed. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong. 61pp.
Chan, J. (1981) A crossroads in language of instruction. Journal of Reading, 24,5. 411-415.
Chan, J. (1986) The place of the mother tongue in a bilingual society. New Horizons, 27. 7-12.
Chan, J. (1989) Choice of medium of instruction: a challenge for the school in the '90's. New Horizons, 30: Journal of Hong Kong Teachers' Association. 11-16.
Chan, M. & H. Kwok (1986) The impact of English on Hong Kong Chinese. In W. Viereck & W-D. Bald (Eds) English in contact with other languages: Studies in honour of Broder Carstensen on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. 407-431.
Chan, M.K. & M. Kirst (1984) The political economy of education in Hong Kong: reforms for stability and prosperity. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Education Journal, 12,1. 88-95.
Chen, A.H.Y. (1982) 1997: the language of the law in Hong Kong. H.K. Law Journal, 15. 19-47.
Chen, P-T. et al (1979) Myth and reality: A survey of the English standard of Form I pupils and English-medium education in secondary schools. Hong Kong: Teaching through Learning Magazine Publishing Co. 36pp.
Cheng, K-M. (1987) The concept of legitimacy in educational research making: alternative explanations of two policy episodes in Hong Kong. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of London.
Cheng, N-L. et al (1973) At what cost ? Instruction through the English medium in Hong Kong schools. Hong Kong: Shun Shing Printing. 59pp.
Cheng, N-L (1979) Perspectives on the language education policy in Hong Kong. Proceedings of the Language and Education Symposium, Hong Kong, 37-47.
Cheng, N-L. (1979) The problem of medium of instruction in Hong Kong schools (in English and Chinese). Hong Kong: Cosmos Publishers. 200pp.
Cheng, N-L (1985) Language education - policy and planning. In Y.C. Jao et al (Eds) , Hong Kong and 1997: strategies for the future. Centre of Asian Studies, HKU. 513-527.
Cheung, D. (1991) The case for mother tongue. Hong Kong Language Campaign Bulletin. Dec. pp. 4-5. [also in Chinese, same issue].
Cheung, M.W. (1974) A comparison of comprehension for Hong Kong secondary school students taught in Cantonese and English. M.A. Thesis. Chinese University of Hong Kong. (In Chinese)
Chinese Language Committee (H.K..) (1971) Four Reports on the languages of government, the courts and the education system (Chairman: Sir Kenneth P-F Fung) [Chinese becomes official language]. Hong Kong: Government Printer. 4 vols: 46pp, 26pp, 28pp & 12pp. [HKU Library: HK.P 418.02 H77 r1-4].
Chu, C-P. (1995) Students’ perceptions of the medium of instruction in science subjects: a case study. M.Ed. Thesis. The University of Hong Kong. 67pp.
Forsell, J. (1991) Building blocks: Hong Kong's blueprint for expanding English language education. Amcham, 23,10. 51-55.
Friederichs, J.O. (1991) Whose responsibility ? The impact of imminent socio-political change on Hong Kong education. International Review of Education, 37,2. 193-209.
Fu, G. (1981) Perspectives on the language of instruction. Chinese University of Hong Kong Education Journal, 9,2. 70-78.
Fu, G. & P.T. Iu (1988) Language attitudes and the social order in Hong Kong after 1997. In B. McCarthy (Ed) Asian Pacific Papers. Occasional Paper, 10. Applied Linguistics Association of Australia. 135-149.
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CHAPTER 4: BI- & MULTILINGUAL HONG KONG: ROLES OF ENGLISH, CANTONESE & PUTONGHUA
This chapter covers more descriptive studies of the linguistic profile of Hong Kong, including sociolinguistic surveys of languages in Hong Kong, and comparative language studies, including those on the competing roles of different languages and on bilingual dictionaries. I have put any references to China Coast pidgin in this chapter, despite their being largely of historical interest. These are taken from Ch. 86 of the Bibliography of Pidgin and Creole languages, ed. J. Reineke (Univ. Press of Hawaii, 1975).
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Wu, K-Y. (1990) A linguistic study of interrogation in Cantonese: Comparisons with English. M. Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 189pp.
Wong, Y-K. (1992) Instruction in argumentative writing in Hong Kong secondary schools: a contrastive study of Chinese-English rhetoric. PhD. Thesis. Washington, DC: Georgetown University. 664pp.
Yang, K-S. & M. Bond (1980) Ethnic affirmation by Chinese bilinguals. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology., 11,4. 411-425.
Ye, J-T. (1991/92) The correspondences between Putonghua and Cantonese must be emphasised. Yu Cong, 12-14. 25-26.
Young, L., H. Giles & H. Pierson (1986) Sociopolitical change and perceived ethnolinguistic vitality. The International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10. 459-469.
Yuen, K-C. (1983) Hong Kong police jargon and some sociolinguistic correlates. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Zeng, Z-F. (1989a) Handbook of colloquial Cantonese and Putonghua equivalents. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co. 2nd Edn. 430pp
Zeng, Z-F. (1989b) Interesting facts about a comparison between Cantonese and Putonghua. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co. 189pp.
Zepp, R., J. Monin & C. Lei (1987) Common logical errors in English and Chinese. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 18. 1-17.
CHAPTER 5: LANGUAGE ALTERNATION:
CODE-SWITCHING & CODE-MIXING
Language alternation (e.g. Lin 1990) embraces both code-switching, the alternate production of meaningful propositions in two or more languages, and code-mixing, the ‘borrowing’ of words and phrases from another language. There has been a growing interest in this aspect of the impact of world languages on regional languages. Hong Kong, with its foreign-language-medium education system, has proved a rich site for work in language alternation. Pioneers in Hong Kong are Kwok & Chan and Gibbons, with their examination of the language mixing habits of university students. Johnson (1983) and Lin (1988; 1990), among others, have since examined the impact of this practice in the secondary school classroom.
Bond, M. & T.M. Lai (1986) Embarrassment and code-switching. Journal of Social Psychology, 126,2. 179-186.
Chan, B. H-S. (1993) In search of the constraints and processes of code-mixing in Hong Kong Cantonese-English bilingualism. Research Report No. 33. English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong. 90pp. [shorter version in CUHK Papers in Linguistics, 1993].
Cheung, A. & B. Tse (1989) Code switching of Hong Kong tertiary students in Colossal Adventure. In M. Burnett (Ed) Computers in Language Education, ILEJ, 5, special issue. 50-68.
Gibbons, J. (1979) Code mixing and Koineising in the speech of students at the University of Hong Kong. Anthropological Linguistics, 21,3. 113-123.
Gibbons, J. (1979) U-gay-wa: a linguistic study of the campus language of students of the University of Hong Kong. In R. Lord (Ed) Hong Kong Language Papers. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 3-43.
Gibbons, J. (1983) Attitudes towards language and code-mixing in Hong Kong. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 4,2 & 4,3. 129-148.
Gibbons, J. (1987) Code-mixing and code choice: a Hong Kong case study. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 173pp.
Hoosain, R. (1979) Forward and backward digit span in the languages of the bilingual. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 135,2. 263-268.
Johnson, R.K. (1983) Bilingual switching strategies: a study of the modes of teacher-talk in bilingual secondary school classrooms in Hong Kong. Language Learning and Communication, 2,3. 267-285.
Johnson, R.K. (1991) Teaching and learning in the English stream in secondary schools: implications of ECR4 (Hong Kong Govt. Education Commission Report No.4). ILE Journal (HK), 8. 10-24.
Johnson, R.K. & P. Lee (1987) Modes of instruction: teaching strategies and student responses. In Lord, R. & H. Cheng (Eds) Language Education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 99-122.
Kamwangamalu, N. & C-L Lee (1991) Chinese-English code-mixing: a case of matrix language assignment. World Englishes, 10. 247-261.
Kwok, H. & M. Chan (1972) Where the twain do meet: a preliminary study of the language habits of university undergraduates in Hong Kong. General Linguistics,
Lai, W-Y. (1989) The occurrence of code-mixing in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 75pp.
Leung, Y.B. (1987) Constraints on inter-sentential code-mixing in Cantonese and English. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong. 114pp. Summary in Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching: Special Issue: M.A. Dissertations 1978-87. Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 23-40.
Li, C-S. (1993) Why mix ? Linguistic and sociolinguistic motivations of code-mixing in Hong Kong. Small-scale research project, English Department Lecture Series. City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.
Li, D. C-S. (1994) Why do Hongkongers code-mix ? A linguistic perspective. Research Report No. 40. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 144pp
Lin, A. M-Y. (1988) Pedagogical and para-pedagogical levels of interaction in the classroom: a social interactional approach to the analysis of the code-switching behaviour of a bilingual teacher in an English language classroom. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 11. 69-87.
Lin, A. M-Y. (1990) Teaching in two tongues: language alternation in foreign language classrooms. Research Report No.3. English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 135pp.
Lin, A. M-Y. (1996a) Doing-English-lessons in secondary schools in Hong Kong: a sociocultural and discourse analytic study. PhD. Thesis. Toronto: University of Toronto.
Lin, A. M-Y. (1996b) Bilingualism or linguistic segregation ? Symbolic domination, resistance and code switching in Hong Kong schools. Linguistics and Education, 8. 49-84.
Luke, K.K. (1984) Expedient and orientational language mixing in Hong Kong. York Papers in Linguistics, 11. 47-64.
Luke, K.K. (1990a) Language mixing: A scapegoat for educational failure ? Hong Kong Linguistic Society Newsletter, 8. 22-23.
Luke, K.K. (1990b) Is Chinese-English code-mixing a disaster ? (In Chinese) Hong Kong Linguistic Society Newsletter, 8. 30-32.
Luke, K.K. (1991) `Mixed code' teaching. In N. Crawford & E. Hui (Eds) The curriculum and behaviour problems in schools: a response to Education Commission Report No. 4 (Education Papers 11). Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong. 85-93.
Newbrook, M. (1989) Review of J. Gibbons' Code-mixing and code choice: a Hong Kong case study. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 12. 77-80.
Pennington, M. (1994) Forces shaping a dual code society: an interpretive review of the literature on language use and language attitudes in Hong Kong. Research Report No. 35. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.
Pennington, M. (1994) English on the world stage: a cross-language view of code correspondences and their effect on language contact and language learning. Research Report No. 36. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong. 54pp
Pennington, M., Y-P. Lee & L. Lau (1996) Communicating in the Hong Kong secondary classroom: the evolution of second language discourses. Research Monograph No. 7. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong. 183pp.
Reynolds, S. (1986) Code switching in Hong Kong. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
So, J. W-C. (1989) A study of the bilingual Cantonese English teacher's code-switching in secondary school classrooms. M.A. Thesis. The University of Hong Kong. 47pp.
Tam, P.T. (1980) A survey of the language mode used in teaching junior forms in Anglo-Chinese secondary schools in Hong Kong. RELC Journal, 11,1. 43-60.
Tay, M. (1988) Code switching and code mixing as a communicative strategy in multilingual discourse (English, Mandarin, Hokkien, Teochew & Malay in Singapore). In B. McCarthy (Ed) Asian Pacific Papers. Occasional Paper, 10. Applied Linguistics Association of Australia. 43-57.
Yau M-S (1993) Functions of two codes in Hong Kong Chinese. World Englishes, 12,1. 25-33.
CHAPTER 6: LANGUAGE STANDARDS
One of the more popular topics in Hong Kong is the `burning issue' of language standards. For many years there has been a preoccupation with the standard of English, pitting popular perceptions of a declining standard of English against language educators' convictions that in relative terms - taking account of the democratisation of education, as more children become eligible for secondary and higher education - standards have actually risen. With the increasing focus on mother-tongue education and the rise in the prominence of Putonghua, attention has increasingly turned to the standards of Chinese - particularly Modern Standard Chinese - among schoolchildren and in society at large. A rich supplementary source is the local press, which features periodic flurries of correspondence on this topic.
Anley, V. & E. Winters (1991) English language proficiency gap of form 5 school leaver employees in the private sector. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Bickley, G. (1992) Shot in the foot ? Hong Kong University attempts to maintain English language standards. In Bird, N. & J. Harris (Eds) (1992) Quilt and Quill: achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning. Institute of Language in Education, Hong Kong Education Department. 363-377.
Devereux, J.R. et al (1992) Technical Institute Graduates, English and the Workplace. Research Report. 4 Vols: Research Report; Supporting evidence; Appendices; Executive summary. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Gibbons, J. (1984) Interpreting the English proficiency profile in Hong Kong. RELC Journal, 15,1. 46-74.
Harris, R. (1989) The worst English in the world ? [Inaugural lecture from the Chair of English language, 24th April]. Supplement to The Gazette, Vol 36,1. The University of Hong Kong. 37-46.
Hong Kong Polytechnic (1994) Report of the Language Proficiency Perception Survey. Hong Kong: Dept. of Chinese, Translation and Interpretation, Hong Kong Polytechnic University. 3 volumes.
Johnson, R.K. & Y-S Cheung (1992) Reading literacy in Hong Kong in Chinese and English: a preliminary study on the International Educational Assessment study. In Bird, N. & J. Harris (Eds) (1992) Quilt and Quill: achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning. Institute of Language in Education, Hong Kong Education Department. 408-419.
King, R. (1981) Standards of English in Hong Kong, in Y-S. Cheung, G. Wiersma & J. Hung (Eds) The teaching of English in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Eagle Press. 1-4.
Tsim, T-L. (1989) English proficiency in Hong Kong. Commissioned by the Hong Kong Language campaign. Hong Kong: the author. 28pp.
Webb, A.E. (1975) Relevance of written English ability of Hong Kong school leavers to employment demands. M. Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 283pp.
CHAPTER 7: `HONG KONG ENGLISH':
ERRORS, BILINGUALISM & TRANSFER PROBLEMS
Chapters 6 and 7 are the only chapters in this bibliography which attempt to deal separately with English and Chinese. Even then, I have used inverted commas when referring to English used in Hong Kong, as opinion is divided as to whether it is legitimate to talk of such a thing as `Hong Kong English'. Work covered in this chapter ranges from extensive and systematic surveys of the ways in which the English used in Hong Kong exhibits distinctive language patterns and neologisms (e.g. Benson and Bolton et al), to collections of `errors' which tend to be committed by Hong Kong Cantonese users of English (e.g. Bunton, Newbrook, Webster et al.).
Benson, P. (1993) A corpus of `English in Hong Kong' as an educational resource. In N. Bird et al (Eds) Language and Content. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 420-423.
Benson, P. (1993) Hong Kong texts on Hong Kong: developing computer text corpora at Hong Kong University. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 16. 117-122.
Benson, P. (1993) Localised vocabulary in Hong Kong English and Australian English. In R. Pemberton & E. Tsang (Eds) Studies in lexis: Proceedings from a seminar. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. 99-111.
Benson, P. (1994) Electronic text analysis and the lexis of Hong Kong English: what can it tell us that we don't already know ? In L. Flowerdew & K. Tong (Eds) Entering text. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. 89-99.
Benson, P. (1994) The political vocabulary of Hong Kong English. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 17. 63-81.
Bolton, K. & K.K. Luke (1985) The sociolinguistic survey of language in Hong Kong: the background to research and methodological considerations. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 55. 41-56.
Bolton, K. & H. Kwok (1988) The description and analysis of spoken English in Hong Kong. Mimeo version. English Dept., Univ. of Hong Kong.
Bolton, K. & H. Kwok (1990) The dynamics of the Hong Kong accent: social identity and sociolinguistic description. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 1,1. 147-172.
Boyle, J. & E. (1991) Common spoken English errors in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Longman (Far East). 183pp.
Budge, C. (1986) Variation in Hong Kong English. Ph.D. Dissertation, Monash University.
Budge, C. (1989) Plural Marking in Hong Kong English. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 12. 39-48.
Bunton, D. (1989) Common English errors in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Longman (Far East). 130pp.
Bunton, D. (1991) A comparison of English errors made by Hong Kong students and those made by non-native learners of English internationally. ILE Journal, Special Issue No.2. Hong Kong, Institute of Language in Education. 9-22.
Bunton, D., J. Boyle & E. Boyle (1992) Common written and spoken English errors in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Longman (Far East). 219pp.
Carless, D. (1995) Politicised expressions in the South China Morning Post. English Today, 11,2. 18-22.
Chan, B. (1991) A study of errors made by F6 students in their written English with special reference to structures involving the transitive verb and the passive construction. ILE Journal, Special Issue No.2. 43-51.
Chan, M. & H. Kwok (1985) A study of lexical borrowing from Chinese into English with special reference to Hong Kong. Centre of Asian Studies Occasional Papers and Monographs 62. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Cheng, C-C (1982) Chinese varieties of English, in B. Kachru (Ed) The other tongue: English across cultures. Urbana, Ill.: Univ. of Illinois Press. 125-139.
Field, Y. (1993) Piling on the additives: the Hong Kong connection. In R. Pemberton & E. Tsang (Eds) Studies in lexis: Proceedings from a seminar. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. 247-267.
Fisher, S.F. (1976) Eurasians in Hong Kong: a sociological study of a marginal group. M. Phil. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
Harrison, G. (1984) The place of English in Macau and a theoretical speculation. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 5,6. 475-489.
Hoosain, R. (1990) Bilingual semantic merging and socio-political environment. Psychologia, 33,1. 29-35
Hunter, D. (1974) Bilingualism and Hong Kong English. The Educationalist, 5. 15-18.
Hunter, D. (1976) Bilingualism: problems of description and measurement. M. Phil. thesis. The University of Hong Kong. 91pp.
Kwok, H. et al. (1972) Where the twain do meet: a preliminary study of the language habits of university students in Hong Kong. General Linguistics, 12,2. 63-82.
Lin, A. M-Y. (1989) From `playing very happy' to `feeling happily': a study of the interlanguage of Hong Kong students. Perspectives, 1. 1-12.
Loh, T. W-C. (1993) Responses to compliments across languages and cultures: A comparative study of British and Hong Kong Chinese. Research Report No. 30. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 89pp.
Luke, K.K. & O. Nancarrow (1991) On being literate in Hong Kong. ILE Journal, 8. 84-92.
Malcolm, I. & H-J. Pan (1989) Argumentation patterns in contemporary Chinese: implications for English teaching. In V. Bickley, (Ed) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures. Hong Kong: Education Department. 321-333.
Milton, J. & N. Chowdhury (1994) Tagging the interlanguage of Chinese learners of English. In L. Flowerdew & K. Tong (Eds) Entering text. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. 127-143.
Newbrook, M. (1988) Relative clauses, relative pronouns and Hong Kong English. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 11. 25-41.
Newbrook, M. (1988) English syntax and lexis in Singapore and Hong Kong: shared features and points of difference. Paper presented at the 1st Hong Kong Conference on Language and Society.
Newbrook, M. (1993) Which English ? Institutionalised second-language varieties of English in Asia and the implications for educators: the cases of Singapore and Hong Kong. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 14,1. 1-17.
Piotrowska, M. An investigation into the sociolinguistic competence of Hong Kong University students with specific reference to `making complaints'. M.A. Dissertation, The University of Hong Kong. Summary in Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching: Special Issues: M.A. Dissertations 1978-1987. Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 41-57.
Platt, J. (1990) Common errors in spoken English. Better English Series. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. 122pp.
Potter, J. (1992) Common Business English errors in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Longman (Far East). 286pp.
Shi, D-X. (1991) Chinese pidgin English: its origins and linguistic features. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 19,1. 1-41.
Smith, G. (1995) How high can a dead cat bounce ?: Metaphor and the Hong Kong Stock Market. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 18. 43-58.
Tay, M. (1991) Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. In J. Cheshire (Ed) English around the world: sociolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, A. (1989) Hong Kong's English Newspapers. English Today, 5,4. 18-24.
T’sou, B. (1976) Bilingualism and cultural assimilation - towards a theory of the sociology of language. Dousou, 13. 47-59.
Webster, M., A. Ward & K. Craig (1987) Language errors due to first language interference (Cantonese) produced by Hong Kong students of English. ILE Journal, 3. 63-81.
Webster, M. & Lam, W.C-P. (1991) Further notes on the influence of Cantonese on the English of Hong Kong students. ILE Journal, Special Issue No.2. Hong Kong, Institute of Language in Education. 35-42.
Wei, M. & T. Light (1973) A newspaper's vocabulary: a raw frequency count of the words in the South China Morning Post. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Yu, V. & P. Atkinson (1988) An investigation into the language difficulties experienced by Hong Kong secondary school students in English-medium schools: I - The Problems; II - some causal factors. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 9,3 & 9,4. 267-284; 307-322.
CHAPTER 8: CHINESE LANGUAGE(S) IN HONG KONG
[& the southern Guangdong region]
The scope of this chapter is necessarily restricted. The focus is principally on work with social, political or educational implications - such as work on correctness in pronunciation, the romanisation and transcription of Cantonese, and the status of Cantonese among Chinese languages. Other more `purely’ linguistic studies included are either of historical interest or have a pragmatic or sociolinguistic orientation. Linguistic descriptions and analyses of Cantonese are excluded on the same basis as are those on the English language - a lack of social and educational relevance, and the fact that the literature is overwhelming. The definitive bibliography on Cantonese language study is Y-S Cheung and Y. Gan’s A bibliography of Yue dialect studies, published by The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong.. Some decisions were difficult to make: Chan & Kwok's (1982) study of lexical borrowing from English in Hong Kong Chinese is included here, rather than in the Code-mixing chapter, while work on the teaching, acquisition and assessment of Chinese will be found in those chapters dedicated to those subjects.
Arana-Ward, M. (1978) A synchronic and diachronic investigation of Macanese: the Portuguese-based Creole of Macao. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 187pp.
Bacon-Shone, J. & K. Bolton (1996) Language and society in Hong Kong: The social survey of languages in the 1990’s. Hong Kong: Social Sciences Research Centre. 150pp.
Barnett, K.M.A. (1950) A method of transcription for Cantonese: Notes on Yuen Ren Chao’s Cantonese Primer. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 13,3. 725-745. London: University of London.
Bauer, R.S. (1982) Cantonese sociolinguistic patterns: correlating social characteristics of speakers with phonological variables in Hong Kong Cantonese. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 262pp.
Bauer, R.S. (1984) The Hong Kong Cantonese Speech Community. The University of Hong Kong. Centre of Asian Studies. Language Learning and Communication, 3. 289-313.
Bauer, R.S. (1986) The microhistory of a sound change in progress in Hong Kong Cantonese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 14,1. 1-42.
Bauer, R.S. (1988) Written Cantonese of Hong Kong. Cahiers de linguistique Asie orientale, 17,2. 245-293.
Bolton, K. & K.K. Luke (1996) Language and society in Hong Kong: The Social Survey of Languages in the 1980’s. Hong Kong: Social Sciences Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 150pp.
Bourgerie, D.S. (1990) A quantitative study of sociolinguistic variation in Cantonese. Ph.D. dissertation. Ohio State University. [DAI 51 (12) 4105A]
British Government (1966) A glossary of Chinese Communist terms and phrases. Hong Kong: U.K. Regional Information Office for S-E Asia (Hong Kong Branch). 63pp.
Browning, L.K. (1974) The Cantonese dialect, with special reference to contrasts with Mandarin as an approach to determining dialect relatedness. PhD Thesis. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University. 181pp.
Cen, Q-X. (1950) On the plan for Cantonese romanisation. Wen Wei Po, 7/7/1950. 7-11.
Chan, C-S. (1985) A perspective on lexical developments in contemporary Hong Kong Chinese. (H.K.) ILE Journal, 1. 17-21.
Chan, C-S (1993) The use and status of Cantonese in Hong Kong. Working Papers in Linguistics and Translation. Chinese University of Hong Kong. 111-118.
Chan, C Y-H (1993) The influence of English grammar on Chinese writing in Hong Kong. Working Papers in Linguistics and Translation. Chinese University of Hong Kong. 135-?.
Chan, M. & H. Kwok (1982) A study of lexical borrowing from English in Hong Kong Chinese. Monograph. Hong Kong: Centre for Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong. 147pp.
Chan, K-K. & W. Crewe (1992) Learn Cantonese characters in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Greenwood Press.
Chan, S-K. (1939) Cantonese pronunciation explained with diagrams. Hong Kong: Daozi Zongshe.
Chan, Y-Y. (1968) The spectral qualities of Cantonese vowels: a comparison with English vowels. M.A. Thesis. The University of Hong Kong.
Chen, D. (1929) The Europeanised Cantonese dialect. Zhongshan Daxeu Yuyan Lishi Yanjusuo Zhoukan, 8. 85-87. Guangzhou.
Chen, E. (1990) On the status of Cantonese among the languages of China. Journal of Jinan University, 1. 65-69, 76. Guangzhou.
Chen, M-Y. (1983) Phonetic problems in the teaching of Chinese as a second language. Language Learning and Communication, 2,3. 249-266.
Cheung, K-H. (1986) The phonology of present-day Cantonese. PhD Thesis. London: University of London.
Cheung, S. H-N. (1990) Terms of address in Cantonese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 18,1. 1-43.
Cheung, Y-S. (1969) A study of even tone and change tones in Cantonese as spoken in Hong Kong. Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies, 2,1.
Cheung, Y-S. (1972) Studies on Cantonese as spoken in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. The University of Hong Kong.
Cheung, Y-S. (1979) Problems of interference and tolerance in the written Chinese of Hong Kong. In R. Lord & B. T'sou (Eds) Studies in Bilingual Education. Hong Kong: Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 105-109.
Cheung, Y-S. (1986) On the tone system of loan words from English in Hong Kong Cantonese. Zhongguo Yuwen, 1. 42-50.
Cheung, Y-S. & Y. Gan (1993) A bibliography of Yue dialect studies. Hong Kong: The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. 185pp.
Chow, K-C. (1990) Cantonese dialect words in newspaper and magazine writing. Chinese Language Review, 31. 5-7.
Dai, Q-X. (1991) The status and function of Cantonese in Sino-Tibetan research. Guangdong Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao, 2. 22-28.
Dai, Z-J. (1929) A phonetic comparison of Cantonese and Mandarin. Zhongshan Daxue Yuyan Lishi Yanjiusuo Zhoukan, 8. 40-46, 80-87.
Dang, S-L. (1980) Problems of standardising the written language in Hong Kong. Zhongguo Yuwen Yanjiu, 1. 79-87.
Deng, Z-X. (1930) A short introduction to social intercourse and etiquette in Colloquial Cantonese. Guangzhou: not published. 28pp.
Fang, S-Z. (1957) A comparative analysis of English and Cantonese phonetics. Xifang Yuwen, 1,2. 172-180.
Fang, X-J. (1960) The virtues of the Plan for Cantonese Romanisation. Guangming Ribao, 12/1/1960.
Fok, A.Y.Y. (1969) The spectral properties of Cantonese vowels: comparison with English vowels. M.A. thesis. 270pp.
Gibbons, J. (1980) A tentative framework for speech act description of the utterance particle in conversational Cantonese. Linguistics, 18. 763-775.
Gibbons, J. (1988) The language-dialect dichotomy: destructive consequences of a language myth. Paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Language and Society, The University of Hong Kong. April. 17pp.
Godwin, C.D. (1979) Writing foreign terms in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 7. 246-267.
Hernisz, S. (1984) A guide to conversation in the English and Chinese languages [Cantonese dialect] for the use of Americans and Chinese in California and elsewhere. Boston: John P. Jewett & Co. 41 + 179pp.
Ho, C-W. (1994) Horizontal versus vertical Chinese type-setting: a study on the typesetting of text in Chinese newspapers. In P.S. Lee & K. Leung (Eds) (1994) Communication research in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 57-76.
Ho, K-C. (1991b) A comparative study of the commonly-used characters as found in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, and a suggested Pinyin syllabary of commonly-used characters. ILE Journal, 7. 62-74.
Ho, K-C. (Ed) (1992) A list of Cantonese pronunciations of commonly-used Chinese characters (2nd edn). Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 318pp.
Ho, K-C. (1993a) A comparison of the 2,000 most frequently used Chinese characters found in 3 frequency counts in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 90pp.
Ho, T. (1991/92) A re-investigation of Cantonese dialect words in written Chinese. Yu Cong, 12-14. 138-139.
Hobson, B. (1850) Dialogues in the Canton vernacular. Guangzhou, not published. 44pp.
Hsu, R. (1979) What is standard Chinese ? In R. Lord (Ed) Hong Kong Language Papers. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 115-141.
Hsuan, C.C. & O. Tzeng (Eds) (1992) Language processing in Chinese. Amsterdam: North Holland. 394pp.
Hu, P-Z. (1991) The influence of Portuguese on the Macao dialect. Dialect, 4. 241-242.
Hu, Y-C. (1991) The mutual exclusivity and compatibility of regional dialects and the literary language. (H.K.) ILE Journal, 6. 273-290. Chinese Dept., Hong Kong Institute of Language in Education.
Huang, B-R. (1958) A phonetic comparison of Cantonese and Putonghua. Fangyan yu Putonghua Jikan, 1. 1-54.
Huang, J-J. (1989) We should recognise the importance of correct pronunciation in Cantonese. Yu Cong, 3. 18.
Jin, Z-Z. (1991) Correct Cantonese pronunciation must be emphasised. Yu Cong, 11. 31-32.
Jurafsky, D. (1988) On the semantics of Cantonese changed tone, or Women, matches and Chinese broccoli. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society. 304-318.
Kehl, F. (1971) Chinese nicknaming behaviour: sociolinguistic pilot study [examples taken from Cantonese]. Journal of Oriental Studies, 9,1. 149-172.
Kiu Che, K-L. (1977) Tonal rules for English loan words in Cantonese. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 7,1. 17-22.
Kiu Che, K-L. (1980) Hasn’t the local accent changed ? Yuwen Zazhi, 5. 46-47. Hong Kong.
Kosaka, J. (1943) A study on the Cantonese dialect as compared with the Beijing dialect. Taipei: Toto shozeki kabushiki Kaisha. 686pp.
Kosaka, J. (1952) The study of Cantonese - from Morrison to Chao Yun Ren. Jinbun Kenkyu, 3,3. 35-63. Osaka, Japan: Osaka City University.
Kratochvil, P. (1970) The Chinese language today: features of an emerging standard. London: Hutchinson.
Kwok, H. H-L. (1968) A linguistic study of the Cantonese verb. 262pp.
Kwok, H. & M. Chan (1990) Fossils from a rural past: a study of extant Cantonese children’s songs. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 75pp.
Lam, P-C. (1988) The development of Macanese speech sounds during the past century. Zhongguo Yuwen, 4. 274-280.
Lam, P-C. (1991/92) Some views on the Plan for Cantonese Romanisation. Yu Cong, 12-14. 95-99.
Lau, C. S-M. (1982a) Some aspects of lexical variation in the Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
Lee, T. H-T. (Ed) (1992) Research in Chinese Linguistics in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The Linguistics Society of Hong Kong.
Lee, T. H-T. (1994) A Cantonese child language corpus. The Humanities Bulletin, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3, June. 62-78.
Li, A.L.L-Y.(1984) Making apologies in Cantonese. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
Li, C. & S. Thompson (1986) The gulf between spoken and written language: a case study in Chinese. In D. Ellis & J. Donohue (Eds) Contemporary issues in language and discourse processes. N.Y.: Lawrence Erlbaum. 77-88.
Li, J-Z. (1990) Cantonese is an independent language group of the great Sinitic superfamily. In B-H. Zhan (1990) Papers from the 2nd international conference on the Yue dialects. Guangzhou: Jinan University Press. 22-29.
Li, L-Y. (1986) A simple analysis of loan words in Hong Kong Cantonese. Putonghua Congkan, 5. 32-36.
Li, M. (1991) Some thoughts on karaoke, cash register and laser disc. Yuwen Jianshe, 12. 11-14.
Li, X-K. (1963) Taboo in Cantonese dialects. Yangcheng Wanbao, 30/1/1963.
Li, X-K. (1987) The speech sounds of Cantonese a century ago. Guangzhou Yanjiu, 10. 65-68.
Light, T. (1982) On being deing - how women’s language is perceived in Chinese. Computational Analysis of Asian and African Languages, 19. 21-49.
Lin, L-H. (1964) A linguistic profile of the Chinese population in Hong Kong - a survey of Chinese dialects spoken in Hong Kong: Cantonese, Chaozhou, Amoy, Hakka, Szeyap, Shanghai & Mandarin. Chung Chi Journal, 3,2. 132-161.
Liu, D-W. (1991) An unusual selection of sociolinguistic variables: The diffusion of Cantonese in the Shanghai region. In Sociolinguistic Research Centre, Institute of Applied Linguistics (Ed.) Language, society and culture. 186-199.
Liu, W-Z. (1937) Linguistic taboo in Canton. Geyao Zhoukan, 3,11. 7-8.
Lobscheid, W. (1864) Grammar of the Chinese language [ a grammar of spoken Cantonese and the (written) literary language]. 2 Vols. Hong Kong: Daily Press Office. 110pp + 178pp
Luke, K.K. (1991/92) The writing system used in Hongkong Cantonese popular novels. Yu Cong, 12-14. 135-137; 128.
Luke, K.K. & G. Harrison(1986) Young children’s use of Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin) sortal classifiers. In H. Kao & R. Hoosain (Eds) Linguistics, psychology and the Chinese language. Hong Kong University Press. 125-146.
Mak, D. (1991). The acquisition of Cantonese classifiers. PhD. Thesis. Reading, U.K.: The University of Reading.
Matthews, S. & V. Yip (1994) Cantonese: a comprehensive grammar. London: Routledge. 429pp.
Mei, S. (1937) Taboos of the Cantonese people. Yuebao, 1,5. 1096.
Ng, H. (1990) The antiquarian Hong Kong dialect. Hong Kong: Chuangyi Wenhua Qiye Gongsi. 188pp.
Ng, P. L-G. (1985) The language of a one-year-old (Cantonese) child: a case study. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong. 102pp.
Pan, P.G. (1981) Prestige forms and phonological variation in Hong Kong Cantonese speech. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong. 149pp.
Pan, P.G. (1982) Hong Kong Cantonese: a sociolinguistic perspective. Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 6. 1-16.
Parker, E.H. (1880a) New Cantonese words. China Review, 8. 18-22. Hong Kong.
Parker, E.H. (1880b) Canton syllabary. China Review, 8. 363-382. Hong Kong.
Phoon, M-K. (1969) A study of the phonological history of Modern Cantonese dialect - a study of the phonological correspondence between ancient Chinese and Cantonese. M.Phil. Thesis. York, U.K.: University of York.
Qiao, Y-N. (1966) A study of Cantonese colloquial expressions. Hong Kong: Huaqiao Yuwen Chubanshe. 322pp.
Rao, B-C. & X-K. Li (1965) Problems of compiling a dictionary of the Guangdong dialect. Zhongguo Yuwen, 1. 51-58.
Sagart, L. (1979) Babbling and early language in Cantonese. Working Papers in Language and Language Teaching, Language Centre, University of Hong Kong. 1-5.
Shi, G-H. (1989) Casual notes on language: Cantonese marching north. Shije Hanyu Jiaoxue, 2. 113-115.
Si, F. (1991) Incorrect pronunciations observed in a student recitation match. Yu Cong, 11. 32-33.
Snow, D.B. (1991) Written Cantonese and the culture of Hong Kong: the growth of a dialect literature. PhD Thesis. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University.
Snow, D.B. (1994) A short history of published Cantonese: what is dialect literature ? Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 4,3. 127-132.
Tan, D-S. (1988) Taboo in language use. Putonghua Jikan, 2. 76-78. Hong Kong.
Tang, H-T. (1985) We should promote Mandarin but retain the dialect. Ming Pao Monthly, 232. 82-84.
Tenri Daigaku Chugokugo Gakka Kenkyushitsu (1952) Bibliography of books and articles on Cantonese now extant in Japan (draft). Tenri: Tenri University. 44pp.
Tse, S.K. et al (1995) Chinese language education for the 21st century: a Hong Kong perspective. Education papers No. 21. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong. 145pp.
T’sou, B. et al. (1989) Preliminary approach to Cantonese and Putonghua wording in Hong Kong TV news programmes. In B-H. Zhan (1990) Papers from the 2nd international conference on the Yue dialects. 151-157. Guangzhou: Jinan University Press.
Ulving, T. (1958) The transcription of Cantonese: A critical review of some current systems of tonal spelling and a presentation of a new rational transcription. T’oung Pao, 46, 1-2. 81-110. Leiden, Netherlands.
Wang, J-L. & D-J. Liang (1991) An analysis of new words in Guangzhou and Hong Kong. (H.K.) ILE Journal. 99-109.
Wang, L-Y. (1986) The origin of grammatical differences between Cantonese and Putonghua. Putonghua Congkan, 5. 40-42.
Wenai Gaige Chubanshe (Ed.) (1960) A plan for the romanisation of four dialects in Guangdong. Wenzi Gaige, 15. 21-25.
Whitaker, K. (1965) Cantonese version of a mock disputation. Asia Major, 11. 233-239. London.
Wong, C. & T. Lo (1990) Polyglossia in the "Printed Cantonese" mass media in Hong Kong. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 1,1. 27-43.
Wong, C. & P. Man (1995) The challenge in creating a Hongkong Cantonese child-language corpus. Working Papers in ELT and Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong Polytechnic University). 1,1. 159-177.
Wong, M. K-S. (1977) The use of the high rising changed tone in Cantonese: a sociolinguistic study. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 2. 65-81. Urbana, Ill.
Wong, M. Y-M. (1990) Referential choice in spoken Cantonese discourse. PhD Thesis. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University.
Wu, K.Y. (1992) Chinese/Cantonese writing in Hong Kong. M.Ed. Dissertation. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Xie, Y-L. (1988) The present situation and future prospect of Cantonese. Guangzhou Yanjiu, 9. 42, 57.
Yeung, H. S-W.(1981) Some aspects of the phonological variations in the Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
Yi, F. (1990) The status of the Hong Kong variety relative to Cantonese as revealed by the shift of the Wu dialect centre. Chinese Language Review, 29. 43-44.
Yu, Z-F. (1989) We should take the proper attitude to the so-called lazy accent of Cantonese. Yu Cong, 2. 46-47.
Zeng, K-D. (1954) Some evidence of ancient Cantonese. Xinya Xiaokan, 5. 7-9.
Zeng, M. (1991) How to select the right Cantonese reading pronunciation. Yu Cong, 11. 36-38.
Zeng, Z-F. (1979) A Cantonese-Putonghua glossary of colloquial words. Hong Kong: Putonghua Society of Hong Kong. 76pp.
Zhan, B-H. (1989) On the problem of standardising Cantonese. Newsletter of the Chinese Language, 11. 8-13.
Zhan, B-H. (1990) Papers from the 2nd international conference on the Yue dialects. Guangzhou: Jinan University Press.
Zhan, B-H. & Y-S. Cheung (1990) A survey of dialects in the Pearl River delta. Vol. 3: A synthetic review. Guangzhou: Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe; New Century Publishing House. 441pp.
Zhang, Z-P. (1942) A phonetic comparison of Cantonese and Hakka. Jiangnan Shidi Congkao, 1. 39pp.
Zhou, Y-N. (1990) Some thoughts on language westernisation and assimilation of language: A response to Zhuang Zeyi and Zhuang Shuyan. Chinese Language Review, 26. 26-28.
Zhuang, S-Y. (1989) The westernisation of the Hong Kong dialect - a response to Zhuang Zeyi. Chinese Language Review, 24. 13-14. Hong Kong.
Zhuang, Z-Y. (1988) Hong Kong’s vernacular: the most westernised dialect. Putonghua Jikan, 3. 72-74. Hong Kong.
CHAPTER 9: LANGUAGE LEARNING: ATTITUDES & MOTIVATION
I have attempted to distinguish between work which has addressed issues of language attitude and motivation from studies which have placed their focus more on competence, performance, and learning strategies and problems. Listed here is work whose predominant focus is on students' attitude to studying in English and how this and other social and educational factors affect their motivation to learn, and recent entries show the trend towards more sociolinguistic accounts of language learning experiences. There will clearly be areas of overlap, so readers are advised to scan both of these next 2 chapters for work on students’ language learning problems.
Asker, B. (1995) "Willingness to communicate" among Hong Kong students. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Bringing about change in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 149-160.
Bickley, G. (1990) Plus ca change, plus c'est la meme chose: attitudes towards English language learning in Hong Kong - Frederick Stewart's evidence [Historical]. In World Englishes, 9. 289-300.
Biggs, J. (1992) Why and how do Hong Kong students learn ? Using the Learning and Study Process Questionnaires. Education Paper 14. Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong,. 115pp + Appendices.
Bolton, K. (1992) Sociolinguistics today: Asia and the west. In K. Bolton & H. Kwok (Eds) Sociolinguistics today: International perspectives. London: Routledge. 5-66.
Bond, M. (1983) How language variation affects inter-cultural differentiation of values by Hong Kong bilinguals. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2,1. 57-66.
Bond, M. & K.S. Yang (1982) Ethnic affirmation versus cross-cultural accommodation: the variable impact of questionnaire language on Chinese bilinguals in Hong Kong. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 13,2. 169-185.
Cheung, E. G-H.(1980) A critical appraisal of the relationship between attitudes and English proficiency. M.A. Dissertation. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 116pp.
Cheung, Y-S. (1987) A survey of the motivation in learning and the practical use of Putonghua. ILE Journal, 3. (In Chinese).
Choy, C. L. (1991) Values and attitudes of undergraduates at the University of Hong Kong: an exploratory study. University of Hong Kong: General Counselling Service.
Deckert, G. (1989) Cultural background and self-assessment tendencies in an ESL classroom. In V. Bickley (Ed.) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures. Institute of Language in Education, Hong Kong Education Department. 128-137.
Detaramani, C. & I. S-I. Chan (1996) Learners’ attitudes and motivations towards the self-access mode of language learning. Research Monograph No. 8. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong. 42pp.
Foulds, D. (1980) A study of language requirements in technical and commercial training establishments in Hong Kong: a survey of attitudes towards English amongst craft-level students in the technical institutes in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. The University of Hong Kong. 41pp + Appendices.
Fu, G. (1975) A Hong Kong perspective: English language learning and the Chinese student. PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan. Chicago: Univ. of Michigan Comparative Education Dissertation Series, No.28.
Fu, G. et al. (1985) Linguistic attitudes of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 8. 76-92.
Gran, B.J. (1987) A study of language attitudes in Hong Kong: Cantonese speaker's response to English and Cantonese on the telephone. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong. Summary in Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching: Special Issues: M.A. Dissertations 1978-1987. Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 58-73.
Kalmar, I., Z. Yong & X. Hong (1987) Language attitudes in Guangzhou, China. Language in Society, 16,4. 499-508.
Kember, D. et al (1989) Approaches to study of students whose first language is not English: some preliminary findings. In V. Bickley (Ed) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 190-197.
Lau, C-I. (1985) The effects of sociocultural and psychological factors upon second language learning in a bilingual community. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 116pp.
Law, E. & L. Mak (1992) A preliminary report on students' attitudes towards the ILC. Occasional Papers in Language Teaching, 2. (ELTU, Chinese University of Hong Kong). 1-18.
Lee, G-H. (1974) An enquiry into the cultural values of form V students, with special reference to certain sociological and educational issues facing Hong Kong adolescents. M.Phil. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong. 140pp.
Littlewood, W., N-F. Liu & C. Yu (1996) Hong Kong tertiary students’ attitudes and proficiency in spoken English. RELC Journal, 27,.1. 70-88. Singapore: SEAMEO RELC.
Luchjenbroers, J. (1995) Cognitive linguistics and gender representation. Working Papers in ELT and Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong Polytechnic University). 1,1. 73-104.
Lyczak, R., G. Fu & A. Ho (1979) Language attitudes among university students in Hong Kong. In Lord, R. & H. Cheng (Eds) (1987) Language Education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 62-71
MacCallum, W. (1978) Attitudes towards second language learning in Hong Kong (using responses to ethnic stereotypes). M.A. Dissertation. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 101pp.
Man, P. S-Y. (1983) To play or not to play: a study of the attitudes of English language teachers and students in Hong Kong towards language games. M. Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 306pp.
Morgan, C. (1993) Attitude change and foreign language culture learning. Survey article. Language Teaching (Abstracts) 26. 63-75.
Pennington, M., M. Brock & F. Yue (1996) Explaining Hong Kong students’ response to process writing: an exploration of causes and outcomes. Journal of Second Language Writing, 5,2.
Pennington, M. & F. Yue (1993) Assessing pre-1997 language attitudes in Hong Kong. Research Report No. 28. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 47pp + Appendices.
Pierson, H. (1987) Language attitudes and language proficiency: a review of selected research. In Lord, R. & H. Cheng (Eds) (1987) Language Education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 51-82.
Pierson, H., G. Fu & S. Lee (1980) An analysis of the relationship between language attitudes and English attainment of secondary students in Hong Kong. Language Learning, 30,2. 289-316. [ also Occasional Papers No.91, Social Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong].
Pierson, H., G. Fu & S. Lee (1981) The study of linguistic attitudes and its relevance for the English teacher. New Horizons, 22. 52-86.
Richards, S. (1993) Motivation in second language learning: a Hong Kong perspective. Research Report No. 32. English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.
Richards, S. (1994) Motives and methods: motivation, strategy choice, and language use among secondary school students learning English in Hong Kong. Research Report No. 39. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.
Sachdev, I., R. Bourhis, et al. (1987) Language attitudes and vitality perceptions: intergenerational effects among Chinese Canadian communities. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 6, 3-4. 287-307.
Urmston, A., M. Pennington & M. Brock (1996) Attitudes towards teaching English of BATESL students: A comparison of beginning and graduating cohorts. Research Monograph No. 9. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong. 184pp.
Willes, M. (1989) Learning to study in English: students' and university teachers' perceptions of the process. In V. Bickley (Ed.) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures. Institute of Language in Education, HK Education Department. 112-116.
Yu, C, N-F. Liu & W. Littlewood (1996) How do secondary students perceive their English language experience ? New Horizons in Education, 37. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Teachers’ Association.
CHAPTER 10: LANGUAGE LEARNING: PROBLEMS & APPROACHES
This chapter will feature research into language learning behaviour as opposed to general language behaviour like code-mixing (Ch.5) or Hong Kong English (Ch.7). As I noted in introducing the previous chapter, there will inevitably be overlap between the studies assigned to these 2 chapters (9 & 10). Interpretation of findings on language performance will often touch on questions of attitude and motivation; where those issues are central to the study, they will be assigned to Chapter 9; where less central, they have been included below. Another possible area of overlap is with studies on `Hong Kong English' and Chinese language(s) in Hong Kong. The same principle applies: where the predominant focus is on learning in school settings, the studies have been included below. For other related research, readers are referred to other chapters which deal with specific contexts and purposes (Chs. 14 on specific purposes & 15 on tertiary purposes) or specific issues (Ch. 6 on standards, & Ch.13 on assessment).
Aaronson, D. & S. Ferres (1987) The impact of language differences on language processing: an example from Chinese-English bilingualism. In P. Homel (Ed) Childhood Bilingualism. N.Y.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Allison, D. (1992) Discourse awareness in student writing. Hong Kong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 15. 75-85.
Allison, D. (1995) Why `often’ isn’t `always’. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Language awareness in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 33-50.
Allison, D. & K.S. Ip (1991) Misreading viewpoints: reading problems among ESL university students in Hong Kong. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 14. 33-50.
Anderson, D.R. (1978) Syntactic interference among Cantonese speakers learning German. M.A./ Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 89pp.
Arndt, V. (1990) Writing in first and second languages: contrasts and comparison. Research Report No. 1. English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 87pp.
Biggs, J. (1989) Students' approaches to learning in Anglo-Chinese schools. H.K. Educational Research Journal, 4. 8-17.
Blatchford, C.H. (1962) Cantonese phonology and some phonological problems of Cantonese speakers in learning English. M.S. Thesis. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University. 25pp.
Board, M-W. (1969) An analysis of Chinese learners' difficulties in writing English. Ph.D. thesis. The University of Hong Kong. xiii, 269pp.
Bunton, D. (1992) Thematisation and given-new information: their effect on coherence in Hong Kong secondary student writing. M.Ed. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Chan, B. K-H. (1987) Some problems in the written English of lower-sixth form students in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 223pp.
Chan, J. (1981) Parenting styles and children’s reading abilities: a Hong Kong study. Journal of Reading, 24,8. 667-675.
Cheng, C.Y. (1991) The effects of being taught in a second language, as opposed to the mother tongue, on students’ study processes and learning outcomes. M.Ed. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Cheng, W. (1970) An experimental study of the English verb system and the difficulties it poses for Chinese secondary pupils. M.A. (Ed) thesis. The University of Hong Kong. 616pp.
Cheung, K-H. (1988) Hong Kong (literate Cantonese) learners of Putonghua: Their unique learning characteristics and related theoretical implications. ILE Journal, 3 84-88. Chinese Dept. of the Hong Kong Institute of Language in Education.
Chi, A.M-L., K. Wong & M. Wong (1994) Collocational problems amongst ESL learners: a corpus-based study. In L. Flowerdew & K. Tong (Eds) Entering text. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. 157-165
Chiang, K. L-W. (1987) A lexical analysis of difficulties encountered by Middle 4 students in a Chinese Middle school in using a local English course book. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
Chinese Language Panel, Nam Wah Middle School (1979) Cantonese words requiring correction in the writings of Hong Kong secondary school students. [Hong Kong] Bulletin on Chinese Studies No. 35. 9-14.
Clark, J. (1992) Why do students need to learn to write in English. In M. Lau & M. Murphy (Eds) Developing Writing: Purposes and Practices. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 7-11.
Deckert, G. (1993) Perspectives on plagiarism from ESL students in Hong Kong. Journal of Second Language Writing, 2,2. 131-148.
Farmer, R. (1994) The limits of learner independence in Hong Kong. In D. Gardner & L. Miller (Eds) (1994) Directions in Self-access Language Learning. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 13-28.
Field, Y. & M-O. Yip Lee (1992a) Connecting the prose: how students do it in Hong Kong. Occasional Papers in Applied Language Studies, Hong Kong Baptist College Language Centre. 35-40.
Field, Y. & M-O. Yip Lee (1992b) A comparison of internal conjunctive cohesion in the English essay writing of Cantonese speakers and native speakers of English. RELC Journal, 23,1. 15-28.
Fong, Y.W-L. (1987) Written English errors of 8th graders in an Anglo-Chinese school in Hong Kong. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong. 86pp.
Foo, R. (1989) A reading experiment with L2 readers of English in Hong Kong - effects of the rhetorical structure of expository texts on reading comprehension. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 12. 49-62.
Forrester, J. (1994) Self-access language learning for secondary school students. In D. Gardner & L. Miller (Eds) (1994) Directions in Self-access Language Learning. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 127-132.
Fu, Y-X. et al. (1984) Amusing stories about Cantonese speakers learning Putonghua. Guangzhou: Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe. 211pp.
Gardner, R. & P. MacIntyre (1992) A student's contributions to second-language learning. Part I: cognitive variables. Survey article. Language Teaching (Abstracts) 25. 211-220.
Gow, L., D. Kember & R. Chow (1991) The effects of English language ability on approaches to learning. RELC Journal, 22,1. 49-68.
Green. C. (1991) Typological transfer, discourse accent and the Chinese writer of English. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 14. 51-62.
Hau, P-Y. (1977) An experimental study of the difficulties of Chinese vocabulary for pupils in grades 3 to 6 in Hong Kong primary schools. M.A. thesis. The University of Hong Kong. 571pp.
Hepburn, H. (1992) The learning strategies and techniques used by students in the upper forms of Hong Kong secondary schools. In Bird, N. & J. Harris (Eds) Quilt and Quill: achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning. Institute of Language in Education, Hong Kong Education Department. 122-132.
Hill, M. (1994) A word in your ear: to what extent does hearing a new word help learners remember it ? ILE Journal, 10. pp?
Ho, D. Y-F. (1979) Chinese language and language-learning behaviour: a bibliography of psychological and psycholinguistic studies. In R. Lord (Ed) Hong Kong Language Papers. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 161-184.
Ho, J. & D. Crookall (1995) Breaking with Chinese cultural traditions: Learner autonomy in English language teaching. System, 23, 2. 235-244
Hsia, S. (1970) A phonological analysis of (English) errors among Cantonese-speaking students at college level, with remedial teaching materials. Singapore: Regional English Language Centre. 123pp.
Hsia, S. (1982) Maintenance and recessiveness of home language among minority language Cantonese pupils in submersion programs. Rapport d’Activites de l’Institut de Phonetique, 17. 31-53.
Hsia, S. (1993) The role of metalinguistic judgments in reading comprehension: Evidence from Euro-Latin, Japanese, Korean and Hong Kong Cantonese-speaking adult learners of English as a second language. Research Report No. 23. Hong Kong: English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 53pp.
Huang, T-S. (1974) A contrastive analysis of the syntactic errors in English made by Chinese students and its implications for the teaching of English syntax to Chinese. PhD. Thesis. Southern Illinois University. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms Int. (1985). 160pp.
Hung, J. H-W. (1987) Interlanguage and temporal expression: The development and use of tense-aspect and some time adverbials in Cantonese learners. PhD. Thesis. University of Edinburgh. [also Surrey: British Theses Service, 1990]. 383pp.
Hunt, J., L. Gow & P. Barnes (1989) Learner self-evaluation and assessment - a tool to autonomy in the language learning classroom. In V. Bickley (Ed) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures. Institute of Language in Education, HK Education Department. 207-217.
Ip, I. K-C. (1990) An evaluation of reading comprehension strategies used by Chinese students of English. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 80pp.
Jones, R. (1996) Responses to AIDS awareness discourse: a cross-cultural frame analysis. Research Monograph No. 10. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.
Kwan, K. K-M. (1989) An evaluation of students' language difficulties in using History and Integrated Science materials in Form I in an Anglo-Chinese secondary school. M.Ed. Dissertation. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Kwan, K. K-M. & S-D. Chan (Eds) (1993) A bibliography of studies on reading in Hong Kong (1954-1991). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Reading Association.
Kwok, B. K-Y. (1987) Acquisition-rich setting: small group discussion as a medium of second language learning. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong. Summary in Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching: Special Issues: M.A. Dissertations 1978-1987. Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 1-10.
Kwok, P.L-W. (1986) An analysis of the possible effects of the order of instruction of English grammatical morphemes on the order of difficulty as derived from written compositions of Chinese adolescent ESL learners. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong. 59pp.
Lai, E. F-K. (1988) A needs analysis of adult English learners in Hong Kong. New Horizons, 29. 66-79.
Lau, I. S-M. (1982b) Some problems encountered by Cantonese speakers when learning to speak Mandarin. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong. 64pp.
Lee, C-H. (1989) Second language classroom research: A developmental perspective of teachers’ error correction behaviour in an Anglo-Chinese secondary school classroom in Hong Kong. M. Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 243pp.
Lee, H-M. (1984) Intensive learning of vocabulary in the teaching of Chinese language. Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 7. 76-84.
Lee, H-M, W.S. Chan & F.P. Ng (1992) Error analysis of the Chinese writing of senior primary school pupils. In Bird, N. & J. Harris (Eds) Quilt and Quill: achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 181-197.
Lee, K-H. (1993) Metacognition in writing: the effect of self-regulation training on revision. M.A.Ed. Thesis. Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Leung, K-W. (1991) Cultural schemata in ESL/EFL reading comprehension: A developmental perspective. M. Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 157pp.
Li, D. C-S. (1995) Cantonese as a second language: a study of learner needs and Cantonese course books. Research Monograph No. 2. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong. 25pp. + Appendices.
Littlewood, W. & N-F Liu (1996) Hong Kong students and their English: Report on the Learning, experience, attitudes and proficiency (LEAP) of first-year university students (at 4 universities in Hong Kong & 3 in the PRC). English Centre: The University of Hong Kong. 187pp.
Lo, C. S-Y. (1976) Language learning in bilingual education with special reference to the teaching of English in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. Exeter, U.K. : The University of Exeter. 78pp.
Lui, L-Y. (1981) The effects of accent, note-taking and speech rate on listening comprehension. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 114pp.
Ma, B. (1993) A study of independent learning: the learner training programme at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Occasional Paper in English Language Teaching, 3. English Language Teaching Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong. 39-55 [also abridged version in E. Esch (Ed.)
Self-Access and the Adult Language Learner, London: CILT, pp. 140-145].Mahoney, D., J. Shillaw & J. Hull (1991) Storing simple stories: narrative recall and the Cantonese speaker. Perspectives, 3,2. 57-80.
Martyn, E. (1995) Exponents of repair and other interactional features in small group work. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Language awareness in language education. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 87-102.
Martyn, E. & A. S-C. Wong (1995) Profile of an autonomous language learner: running a successful conversation group. IATEFL Independence SIG Newsletter, 12.
McCoy, M.M. (1972) Reflections of bilingual experience in measures of cognitive structure. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 141pp.
McNeill, A. (1995) Hong Kong learners and English words: the formal-semantic gap. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Language awareness in language education. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 69-86.
Miller, L. (1992) Self-access (language learning) centres in S.E. Asia. Research report, No.11. Research Report No. 21. English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 50pp + Appendices.
Milton, J. & E. Tsang (1993) A corpus-based study of logical connectors in EFL writing: directions for future research. In R. Pemberton & E. Tsang (Eds) Studies in lexis: Proceedings from a seminar. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. 215-246.
Moh, D.(1992) Investigating reading strategies: an exploratory study. M.Ed. Dissertation, The University of Hong Kong.
Ng Lau, P. B-M. (1982) Language use in a geography classroom and implications for the teaching of English: an investigation into the language used for one topic of the geography syllabus in a fourth-form class in a Hong Kong secondary school. M.A. Dissertation. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 216pp.
Pennington, M. & F. Yue (1995) Eight case studies of classroom discourse in the Hong Kong secondary English class. Research Report No. 42. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.
Pierson, H. (1996) Learner culture and learner autonomy in the Hong Kong Chinese context: In R. Pemberton et al (Eds) Taking control: Autonomy in language learning. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 49-58.
Poon, S.K. (1978) An investigation of the language differences (difficulties ?) experienced by Hong Kong primary school leavers in learning mathematics through the medium of English. M.Ed. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong.
Poon, W. (1978) Some aspects of the learning of modern standard written Chinese by Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong. M.A. Dissertation. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 263pp.
Scollon, R. & S. Scollon (1994) The post-Confucian confusion: including a bibliography on post-Confucian cultural learning and traditional Chinese influences on teaching and learning. Research Report No. 37. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.
Shak, W-H. (1971) A study of errors in the written English of learners in Anglo-Chinese secondary schools in Hong Kong. M.A. thesis. The University of Hong Kong. 472pp.
Shum, N-L. (1989) The occurrence of schwa among Cantonese speakers of English in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 77pp.
Siu, K-P. (1986) The effects of mode on syntactic and rhetorical complexity for EFL students at three grade levels. M. Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 202pp.
Stokes, M., J. Balla & K. Stafford (1989) How students in selected degree programmes at CPHK characterise their approaches to study. H.K. Educational Research Journal, 4. 85-91.
Sung, D. W-M. (1991) Typological transfer: a factor in the learner language of Hong Kong students ? (H.K.) ILE Journal, Special Issue 2. 52-61.
Tang, G. W-L. (1990) Second language acquisition of the English interrogatives: The effect of different learning contexts on the SLA of three groups of Chinese learners of English. PhD. Thesis. Edinburgh, U.K.: The University of Edinburgh. 421pp.
Tse, J. K-P. (1974) An instrumental study of the difficulties encountered by a Cantonese in learning Mandarin tones. Jiaoyu yu Wenhua, 422. 62-66.
Tse, S-K. & S-M. Cheung (1991) The thinking-writing process of Hong Kong primary school students: the transformation between Cantonese and written Chinese. (H.K.) ILE Journal, 6. 194-211. Chinese Dept.: Hong Kong Institute of Language in Education.
Tsui, A. B-M. (1985) Analyzing input and interaction in second language classrooms. RELC Journal, 16,1. 8-32.
Wong, D. Y-L. (1986) On evaluating errors produced by some L2 speakers of English (H.K. Form 5). M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 58pp.
Wong, J. (1991) Learnability of relative clauses: a Hong Kong case. Perspectives, 3,1. 108-117.
Wong, S-C. (1988) What we do and don’t know about Chinese learners of English: a critical review of selected research. RELC Journal, 19,1. 1-20.
Wong, C. S-P. (1991a) The acquisition of English word stress by Cantonese ESL learners. M. Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 147pp.
Wong, C. S-P. (1991b) Stress patterns of nonsense English words of Cantonese-speaking ESL learners. CUHK Papers in Linguistics, 3. 83-111.
Yao, B. (1976) Some phonetic problems of Guangdong people learning Putonghua. Xin Jiaoyu, 2-3. 32-33; 30-32.
Yip, V. (1995) Interlanguage and learnability: from Chinese to English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 247pp.
Yung, T. T-Y. (1958) An analysis of the written English of Chinese pupils in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis, University of London.
Zepp, R. (1988) Learning in the medium of English by speakers of Chinese. Mimeo. Univ. of East Asia, Macau. 10pp.
Zhang, J-C. (1987) Common errors in Putonghua as spoken by people of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Shanghai Book Co. 213pp.
CHAPTER 11: LANGUAGE TEACHING: PROBLEMS & APPROACHES
Studies of language teaching in Hong Kong - of both English and Chinese - are also divided into 2 chapters. This chapter looks at both studies of classroom practice and particular problems and approaches in specific settings, and theoretical discussions of how to address certain teaching problems. Chapter 12 covers work addressed at a broader, more systemic level, oriented either to formal teacher training or curriculum renewal initiatives. Once again, there are likely to be areas of overlap, so readers are advised to survey both the next two chapters for work on language teaching in Hong Kong.
Allison, D. (1987) Distinguishing `language' from `content' in English-medium education. ILE Journal, 3. 7-15.
Allison, D. (1989) `Can we have an agenda ?': teacher development in a Hong Kong setting. ILE Journal, Hong Kong 69-71
Ball, J.D. (1894) Readings in Cantonese Colloquial: Being selections from books in the Cantonese vernacular, with free and liberal translations of the Chinese character and romanised spelling. Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh. 171pp.
Berry, R. (1995) Grammatical terminology: is there a student/teacher gap ? In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Language awareness in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 51-68.
Bickley, V. (1987) Developments in English language teacher education (in Hong Kong). In R. Lord & H. Cheng (Eds) Language education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 187-217.
Boyle, E. (1992) Involving students in teaching and learning. In Curriculum research and practice: cauldron or crucible ?, proceedings of the 6th Conference of the Singapore Educational Research Association. Singapore. 76-80.
Bunton, D. (1993) Thematisation and given-new information: their effect on coherence in Hong Kong secondary school writing. In N. Bird et al (Eds) Language and Content. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 374-386.
Burnett, M. (1989) Computer-assisted language learning in Hong Kong secondary schools - an interim report on foreseeable problems. In M. Burnett Computers in Language Education (in H.K..). Special issue of ILE Journal, 5. 13-24.
Cameron, R.M. (Ed) (1972) Towards better English: a selection from the English Bulletin (1960-1970). Hong Kong: Curriculum Development Council, Education Department. 249pp.
Chalmers, J. (1878) An English and Cantonese dictionary, for the use of those who wish to learn the spoken language of Canton Province. Hong Kong: De Sousa & Co. 5th Edn. 258pp. [revised & enlarged by T.K. Dealy in 1907 in 2 vols: 822pp.]
Chan, E. P-S. (1986) Assessing the suitability of English language teaching materials at primary level: a comparative evaluation of textbooks for the Hong Kong (1981) Primary English syllabus. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
Chan, P. K-W. (1987) The stylistic analysis of literary language in relation to English teaching in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 124pp.
Chang Feng, L. P-C. (1966) Teaching English pronunciation to the Cantonese learner: facts and problems. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong. 266pp.
Chau, L-M. & C-M. Chung (1987) Diploma in Education graduates’ attitude towards communicative language teaching. Education Journal, 15,2. 45-51.
Chang Feng, L. P-C. (1967) Teaching English pronunciation to the Chinese learner; facts and problems. M.A. thesis. The University of Hong Kong. 266pp (+ audio-cassette)
Cheng, W. (1983) The changing patterns of English language teaching in Hong Kong. The Chinese University Education Journal, 11,1.
Cheng, H. & R. Zi (1987) In-house English language training: a survey of fifteen organisations. In Lord, R. & H. Cheng (Eds) (1987) Language Education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 173-186.
Cheung, Y-S., G. Wiersma & J. Hung (Eds)(1981) The teaching of English in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Eagle Press. 141pp.
Cheung, Y-S. & P. L-M. Lee (1986) A study of the English vocabulary in junior secondary school textbooks in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Government Printer. 267pp.
Choi, N. Y-C. (1987) The use of linguistic knowledge in the teaching of English by teachers in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. The University of Hong Kong. 66pp.
Chu, W-L. (1988) A linguistic description and analysis of interlanguage errors, with reference to the written work of some secondary school students in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 109pp.
Crew, L. (1986) Mailmerge Cantonese: an introduction to computer-assisted learning of Cantonese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 21,2. 59-65. South Orange, California.
Crew, V. (1995) When does a carrot become a stick ? Changing attitudes and English language proficiency of Hong Kong student teachers. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Language awareness in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 117-132.
Crewe, W. et al (1985) Connectives: on the other hand, who needs them though? Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching (H.K..), 8. 61-69.
Dang, S-L. (1989) Language environment and language teaching in Hong Kong. Newsletter of the Chinese Language, 2. 3-8.
Dang, S-L. (1990) Classical Chinese, modern Chinese and the Hong Kong lexicons: some observations on the teaching of vocabulary. (H.K.) ILE Journal, 6. 84-93. Chinese Dept.: Hong Kong Institute of Language in Education.
Eitel, E.J. (1877) A Chinese-English dictionary in the Cantonese dialect. London: Trubner & Co. 1018pp. [Revised by I.G. Genahr in 1910, in 2 vols.: 1417pp.]
Etherton, A. (1981) How relevant is the communicative approach for Hong Kong schools? In Y-S. Cheung, G. Wiersma & J. Hung (Eds) The teaching of English in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Eagle Press. 34-43.
Fearn, S. (1985) The evaluation of `self-study' materials for language learning. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
Felix-Jones, I. (1956) The teaching of English in Hong Kong. Oversea Education 28,2. 72-74.
Felix-Jones, I. & B-K Wong Au (1961) The teaching of English: Handbooks of suggestions for teachers. Hong Kong Education department. 21pp.
Green, C. (1991) Teacher perceptions of the relative gravity of errors in written English (in Hong Kong). (HK) ILE Journal, Special Issue No.2. 69-76.
Ho, J. E. Tang & P. Tam (1993) Non-English-major ESL teachers in Hong Kong: problems in teaching and coping strategies. Research Report No. 34. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.
Ho, K-C. (1979) A comparative study of the Chinese vocabulary in several textbooks for Westerners. Hong Kong.: Chinese University Press. 387pp.
Ho, K-C. (1988) Problems encountered in primary and secondary school classroom teaching and learning of Putonghua in the Hong Kong language setting. In Bickley, V. (Ed) Languages in education in a bi-lingual or multi-lingual setting. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 37-46.
Ho, K-C. (1991a) Where from here ? The teaching of Putonghua in Hong Kong primary and secondary schools in the nineties. In H-M. Lee & K-C. Ho (Eds) Where from here ? Issues relating to the planning, managing and implementation of language teaching and training programmes in the 90's [Chinese language proceedings from 6th ILE Conference, 1990]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 343pp.
Ho, R. (1989) Implementing CALL in Hong Kong: the impact, the problems and the future. In M. Burnett (Ed) Computers in Language Education (in H.K..). Special issue of ILE Journal, 5. 25-28.
Huang, B-R. (1957) How people of Guangzhou should learn Putonghua. Guangzhou: Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe. 102pp.
Huang, J-J. (1981) Solving problems in pronunciation for Cantonese learners of English. Journal of Zhongshan University, 4. 93-99.
Hung, J. K-W. (1973) The teaching of writing in primary classes in Hong Kong. Cert. TEFL paper. Singapore: RELC. 54pp.
Johnson, R.K. (1986) English language remedial teaching in secondary schools in Hong Kong. New Horizons, 27. 66-77.
Jones, D. & K.T. Woo (1912) A Cantonese phonetic reader. London: University of London Press.
Jor, G. C-K. (1995) Self-instructional materials development at the Independent Learning Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Occasional Papers in English Language Teaching 5, (ELT Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong). 59-72.
Kao, D.L. (1985) Cantonese as a Chinese dialect and its teaching to English speakers. In Levitt, Jesse et al. (Eds) Geolinguistic perspectives: Proceedings of the International Conference celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the American Society for Geolinguistics. 363-377.
Kwok, H.L. (1987) Developing an error analysis and error correction strategy for Form 6 English composition classes in Hong Kong. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong. Summary in Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching: Special Issues: M.A. Dissertations 1978-1987. Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 11-22.
Lagarrue, J. (1900) Elements de la langue chinoise, dialecte cantonnais. Notation Quoc Ngu, a l’usage des officiers, fonctionnaires et colons. Paris: Ernst Leroux. 290pp.
Lai, C. (1993) Communication failure in the (H.K..) language classroom: an exploration of causes. Research Report No.25. City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.
Lee, M.T. (1993) Programme design for adult Chinese immigrants learning English as a second language. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 125pp.
Lee, N. (1990) Notions of error and appropriate corrective treatment. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 13. 55-69.
Lee, N. (1992) Developing writing by beginner ESL learners in a non-standard Primary One syllabus. Occasional Papers in Applied Language Studies, Hong Kong Baptist College Language Centre. Nov. 1-22.
Lee, S. & S. Coleman (1987) A study of the teaching of English language listening skills in Hong Kong secondary schools. Hong Kong: Depts of Curriculum Studies & Statistics, The University of Hong Kong. 97pp.
Lee, W. (1996) The role of materials in the development of autonomous learning. In R. Pemberton et al (Eds) Taking control: Autonomy in language learning. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 167-184.
Leung, F. (1987) The communicative approach in Hong Kong secondary schools - a survey of English language teachers' attitude. H.K. Educational Research Journal, 2. 95-100.
Li, J. W-S. (1992) A process approach to feedback in writing. Perspectives, 4,1. 47-65.
Liu, N-F, C. Yu & W. Littlewood (1995) Report on a survey of CU and HKU teachers’ perceptions of Undergraduates’ English language ability. Report from the LEAP Project: Profiling the learning experience and proficiency of students entering tertiary education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: English Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 6pp.
Lo, T. (1995) Using local television for English language teaching in Hong Kong. Working Papers in ELT and Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong Polytechnic University). 1,1. 55-71.
Lobscheid, W. (1867) Select phrases and reading lessons in the Canton dialect. Hong Kong: De Sousa & Co. 2nd Edn. 46pp.
Ma, D. (1989) Training teachers for CALL - some problems. In M. Burnett Computers in Language Education (in H.K..). Special issue of ILE Journal, 5. 29-35.
Matthews, S. & V. Yip (1992) The Yale Romanisation: Cantonese for gweilos ? Working Papers from the Workshop on Romanisation Systems for Cantonese. Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. 35-40.
Milton, J., I. Smallwood & J. Purchase (1996) From word processing to text processing. In R. Pemberton et al (Eds) Taking control: Autonomy in language learning. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 233-248.
Mo, C-X. (1960) A study on the teaching of Cantonese and Cantonese pronunciation. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co. 108pp.
Mok, A. (1990) Using Newspaper Materials in the English Curriculum: Guidelines and practical examples. Education Papers, No.8 . Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, Univ. of Hong Kong.
Morrison, B. (1995) Working in groups in Beijing and Hong Kong: experience of a group-access approach to language learning. Working Papers in ELT and Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong Polytechnic University). 1,1. 105-118.
Morrison, D. (1980) Group-centred language classes (HKU study). M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
Newbrook, M. (1989) Quis custodiet... ? Errors in guides to English usage for Hong Kong students. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 12. 63-76.
Newbrook, M. (1990) Errors in focus: native and non-native perceptions of error salience in Hong Kong student English. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 13. 71-81.
Ng, J. P-L. (1970) The effects of bilingual science instruction on vocabulary: comprehension, achievement and conceptualisation of elementary school Chinese children whose second language is English. Ed.D. Thesis, Los Angeles: University of California. 97pp.
Paine, L.W. (1990) The teacher as virtuoso: a Chinese model for teaching. Teachers College Record, 92,1. 49-81.
Pierson, H. (1977) Error analysis as a basis for developing curriculum items in English as a second language for Cantonese-speaking students. Ed.D. Thesis. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York at Albany. 161pp.
Qiao, Y-N. (1964) Methods of converting Cantonese sounds to Mandarin. Hong Kong: Huaqiao Yuwen Chubanshe. 44pp.
Reynolds, P.D. (1974) English language teaching & textbooks in Hong Kong. The University of Hong Kong, Dept. of Education Research Unit. 65pp.
Reynolds, P.D. (1986) Communicate - What ? (H.K.) New Horizons, 27. 53-65.
Richards, H. (1993) Student hardship is hitting standards. The Times Higher, Jan. 22.
Richards, J. et al (1991) The culture of the English language teacher: a Hong Kong example. Research report No. 6. 24pp.
Shih, N-Y. (1960) How a Cantonese dialect speaker should learn to speak Putonghua. Hong Kong: Hongye Shuju. 254pp.
Si, S-M. (1989) Dealing with variations in Cantonese reading pronunciations within the context of language teaching. Papers from the Symposium on Chinese Language Teaching. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Educational and cultural Press. 168-174.
Speak, C. (1988) Aspects of cross-cultural curriculum development: a case study of the problems of Education and Geography in Hong Kong. Unpublished M.Phil. thesis, Univ. of Bath.
Stead, S. (1980) Attitudes of some Hong Kong teachers of English to English usage in Hong Kong, with an examination of some educational implications. M.A. Dissertation. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 111pp.
Sun, A et al. (1970) Brokenly with their English tongue: the writing programme in the contemporary English course, University of Hong Kong. English Language Teaching, 25,1. 79-89.
Tang, Q-Y (1988) Ways to enhance speaking proficiency in both Putonghua and Cantonese. ILE Journal, 3. Chinese Dept. of the Hong Kong Institute of Language in Education. 111-116.
Tingay, F.J.F. (Ed) (1981) Hong Kong teachers on the teaching of English: original contributions to the English Bulletin (1953-1959). Hong Kong: Mimeo. 252pp.
Tsui, A. (1979) The application of television to English language teaching in secondary schools in Hong Kong. M.A. Dissertation, The University of Hong Kong.
Tsui, H.K.. (1988) Restructuring the Junior Secondary English language curriculum. In J. McClelland (Ed) School-based curriculum development. Education Papers, No.3 . Hong Kong: Faculty of Education, Univ. of Hong Kong.
Tung, P. C-S. & W-W. Ki (1986) Teacher attitudes towards different types of (CALL) authoring packages in the teaching of English as a foreign language. Final CRCG Research Report. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Wang, L. (1955) How people of Guangdong should learn Putonghua. Beijing: Wenhua Jiaoyu Chubanshe. 167pp.
Webster, J. (1989) Using commercially-available software to provide a self-access computer-based learning environment for the development of writing skills. In M. Burnett (Ed) Computers in Language Education (in H.K..). Special issue of the ILE Journal, 5. 36-49.
Wong, G. H-Y. (1993) Teaching of writing: A study of the effects of the teaching of rhetorical information structure on the organisation of the writing of Form 4 and Form 7 students. M.Ed. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Wong, M. & M. Pennington (1993) Are resource class English teachers in Hong Kong satisfied with their work ? Research report No. 31. English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 52pp.
Wong, P-K. (1991) The teaching of written Chinese in relation to Cantonese and Putonghua. (H.K.) ILE Journal, 6. 71-79. Chinese Dept.: Hong Kong Institute of Language in Education.
Wong, V. Y-Y. (1994) English language teaching: the why’s and the how’s - a reflection on English language teaching to students at the senior secondary and tertiary levels in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Alpha Educational Books. 80pp.
Yau, M-S (1991) Unreal teacher ? - the case of a non-native English teacher. Response to T. Clayton's Real & Unreal teacher, ET 7/90. English Today, 26. 44-47.
Yeung, S-S. (1989) Effectiveness of the keyword method in teaching English vocabulary to Cantonese-speaking students. M.Ed. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 171pp.
Yip Lee, M-O. (1987) An assessment of the degree to which a secondary school's ELT pilot scheme correlates with the principles of the communicative approach. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 89pp.
Young, R. & S. Lee (1987) EFL curriculum innovation and teachers' attitudes (in H.K..). In Lord, R. & H. Cheng (Eds) (1987) Language Education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 83-98.
CHAPTER 12: TEACHER DEVELOPMENT & CURRICULUM RENEWAL
As mentioned above, this is the second of two chapters on language teaching in Hong Kong, and there are likely to be areas of overlap between the two. This chapter covers work which deals either with the training and development of language teachers - usually in formal settings like the Institute of Language in Education (e.g. Allison, 1984) - or with what I have called `curriculum renewal': work which explores alternatives and options for improving language curricula (e.g. Clark, 1988; Clark & Scarino (1993). Once again, the references cover the teaching of both English and Chinese, though I have deliberately restricted the number of references to teacher training materials. I have, for example, tried to exclude the many texts whose primary purpose seemed to be as source or textbooks for direct use in the classroom.
Allison, D. (1984) Communicative language and communicative teaching in courses for Chinese teachers of English for specific purposes. World Language English, 4,1. 45-48.
Allison, D. (Ed) (1988) Listening comprehension in secondary schools. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 86pp.
Allison, D. (1992) From `remedial English' to `English enhancement': so, what else is new? Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 15. 15-29.
Allison, D. & V. Anley (Eds) (1987) Listening comprehension in primary schools. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 97pp.
Allison, D. & M.H-L Lau (Eds) (1988) Listening comprehension for secondary schools. Hong Kong: Institute for Language in Education. 86pp.
Allison, D. & S. Tauroza (Eds) (1989) Developing reading in English: approaches and techniques. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 94pp.
Allison, D. & M.M.T. Lee (Eds) (1990) Project work in schools. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 112pp.
Andrews, S. (1995) Washback or washout ? The relationship between examination reform and curriculum innovation. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Bringing about change in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 45-52.
Barker, P. (1989) The potential for CAL in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic. 34pp.
Bickley, V. (1987) As I was saying: the Enquiry approach Part Two. In V. Bickley (Ed) Re-exploring CELT: continuing education for language teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 49-59.
Burnett, M. (Ed) (1989) Computers in Language Education (in H.K..). Special issue of ILE Journal, 5. 68pp.
Cameron, P. (1982) Speech and the teacher: a rationale for the development of a speech training component within the teacher training programme at the University of Hong Kong. M.Ed. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong. 52 pp.
Chan, C-S (1987) Developments and problems in Chinese language education. In Lord, R. & H. Cheng (Eds) (1987) Language Education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 231-248.
Chan, W.M. et al (1992) Minimum English language requirements and English course for College of Education teachers. Hong Kong Bank Language Development Fund Report. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Chan, W-M. et al. (1993) Designing English language materials for different subjects at the Colleges of Education. In N. Bird et al (Eds) Language and Content. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 158-175.
Cheng, C-K & K-C Ho (1993) The teaching and use of Putonghua in schools in Hong Kong: a colloquium. In H-M Lee & K-C. Ho (Eds) Language and Content. Institute of Language in Education, Hong Kong Education Department. 381-391.
Cheung, A. C-M. (1984) The role of student self-appraisal in the formative assessment of an English (as a second language) teaching programme. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 113pp.
Cheung, Y-S. (1985) Readability and reading comprehension: An investigation of the readability of Form 1 (Grade 7) textbooks in Hong Kong schools. Hong Kong: Alpha Educational Books. 152pp.
Clark, J. (1988) The relationship between teacher education and educational change. ILE Journal, 4. 30-48.
Clark, J. (1988) Curriculum development across languages and across sectors of education. In V. Bickley (Ed) Languages in Education in a Bilingual or Multilingual Setting. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 438-449.
Clark, J. (1989) A cross-cultural comparison of teacher perceptions as to how they can best be supported in their work. In V. Bickley (Ed) Language teaching andlearning styles within and across cultures. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 41-52.
Clark, J. (1990) Renewing the English curriculum in Hong Kong schools. In V. Bickley (Ed) Language Teaching, Language Use and the Curriculum. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 551-563.
Clark, J. & J. Harris (1993) Language and content in a cross-institutional modular teacher education programme for Hong Kong. In N. Bird et al (Eds) Language and Content. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 64-75.
Clark, J. & A. Scarino (1993) The integration of language and content in TTRA: implications for schools. In N. Bird et al (Eds) Language and Content. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 20-38.
Clark, J., A. Scarino & J. Brownell (1994) Improving the quality of learning: a framework for target-oriented curriculum renewal in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Language Development Fund/Institute of Language in Education.
Crew, V. (1994) English language proficiency and attitudes towards the English language of Hong Kong Chinese student teachers. PhD. Thesis. Colchester, U.K.: The University of Essex.
Education Department (1984) A comparison between results of the English teaching pilot scheme classes and those in the ordinary classes in Carmel English School. Educational Research Section, Hong Kong Education Department.
Education Department (1986) A study on English vocabulary in junior secondary textbooks in Hong Kong. Educational Research Section, Hong Kong Education Department.
Education Department (1988) Further research on split-class teaching of English pilot scheme. Educational Research Section, Hong Kong Education Department.
Education Department (1988) A report on the Extensive Reading Scheme pilot project in Hong Kong. Educational Research Section, Hong Kong Education Department, in collaboration with the Institute of Language in Education.
Education Department (1992) A study on the relation between initial language proficiency at S1 level and the subsequent HKCEE performance for medium of instruction grouping. Educational Research Section, Hong Kong Education Department. 73pp.
Education Department (1993) Teaching grammar and spoken English: a handbook for Hong Kong schools. Hong Kong: Advisory Inspectorate, Education Department. 127pp.
Education Department (1994) A survey of the intention of secondary schools to follow the Education Department's advice on medium of instruction grouping in the 1994/95 year. Educational Research Section, Hong Kong Education Department.
Education Department (1995a) Bridging English across primary and secondary education. Hong Kong: Curriculum Development Institute, Education Department. 80pp.
Education Department (1995b) Target-oriented curriculum programme of study for English language: key stages 1 & 2 (Primary 1-3 & 4-6). 2 volumes. Hong Kong: Curriculum Development Council, Education department.
Falvey, P. (1995) The Target-oriented curriculum - issues in assessment. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Bringing about change in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 34-41.
Flowerdew, J. et al (Eds) (1992) Perspectives on Second Language Teacher Education. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 350pp.
Foo, R. & A.F. Cox (1994) ELT in Hong Kong: A bibliography. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic University. 187pp.
Foulds, D. (1979) A survey of student on-course language requirements for Diploma and Ordinary certificate courses conducted by the Hong Kong Polytechnic and the Technical Institutes. In Working Papers in Language and Language Teaching, 1. 38-63.
Gardner, D. (1994) Student-produced video documentary: Hong Kong as a self-access resource. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 17. 45-54.
Gardner, D. & L. Miller (Eds) (1994) Directions in Self-access Language Learning. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 200pp.
Goldstein, L. & N-F Liu (1993) Teaching and learning through English across the curriculum: the design of a Form 1 bridge programme. In N. Bird et al (Eds) Language and Content. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 121-131.
Goldstein, L. & N-F Liu (1994) An integrated approach to the design of an immersion program. TESOL Quarterly, 28,4. 705-725,
Ho, A. L-K. (1987) The communicative approach in the Hong Kong context. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 82pp.
Ho, B. S-C. (1981) Comments on the structural versus functional syllabus crisis at school level in Hong Kong. English Language Teaching Journal, 35,3. 325-328.
Ho, B. W-K. (1985) A diary study of teaching EFL through English and through English and Chinese to early secondary school students in remedial English classrooms. M. Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 143pp.
Ho, B. W-K. (1991) Teacher interactive decision-making: a diary study. Research Report No. 8. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 56pp.
Ho, K-C. (1986) The difficulties of Hong Kong primary school teachers of Chinese language in the learning of Putonghua as reflected in ILE Putonghua extension examinations. In Bickley, V. (Ed) Future directions in English language teacher education: Asia perspectives. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 110-128.
Ho, K-C. (1989) The different roles of transcription and reading-aloud: an evaluation of the Putonghua pronunciation ability of Hong Kong Cantonese-speaking in-service teachers. In Bickley, V. (Ed) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 151-183.
Ho, K-C. (1990) The compulsory Putonghua learning component in ILE refresher courses for primary and secondary school teachers of Chinese: its present and future. In H-M. Lee & K-C. Ho (Eds) Language use, language teaching and the curriculum [Chinese language proceedings from 6th ILE Conference, 1989]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 360pp.
Ho, K-C. (1992a) Viewing the development of the teaching and learning of Putonghua in Hong Kong as a whole. In H-M. Lee & K-C. Ho (Eds) Quilt and Quill: achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning [Chinese language proceedings from 7th ILE Conference, 1991]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 354pp.
Ho, K-C. (1992b) A Chinese dictionary for secondary school students in Hong Kong (Cantonese transcription). Hong Kong: Wan Li Book Co. Ltd. 959pp.
Ho, K-C. (1993) A survey of Hong Kong teachers' opinions on Putonghua proficiency. Chinese Language Review (Chinese Language Society of Hong Kong), 40. 43-50.
Ho, K-C. (1994a) A comparison of the Cantonese romanisation systems as found in eight commonly-used references. ILE Journal, 10. 23-33.
Ho, K-C (1994b) Report on a field study in China: targets for Putonghua teachers (Hongkong Bank Language Development Fund Project). ILE Journal, 10. 155-162.
Ho, K-C (1994c) Principles and methods in Putonghua teacher education in Hong Kong. Putonghua Journal (Education and Cultural Press Ltd., Hong Kong). 19-33.
Ho, K-C (1994d) A classification of the divergent phenomena of the Cantonese pronunciations of commonly-used characters as found in seven dictionaries. Hong Kong.: Institute of Language in Education. 386pp.
Ho, K-C. & C.K. Cheng (1993) The teaching and use of Putonghua in schools in Hong Kong (Colloquium report). In H-M. Lee & K-C Ho (Eds) Language and Content. [Chinese language proceedings from 8th ILE Conference, 1992]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 381-391.
Ho, K-C. & S-L. Tong (Eds) Research report on language proficiency requirements for teachers of Putonghua and the design of Putonghua courses and materials for teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 178pp.
Ho, K-C. et al (1992: 2e) A Teachers' Handbook on Teaching Design of Putonghua for Primary School Teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 212pp.
Hoare, P. & S. Kong (1995) Helping teachers change the language of the classroom: lessons from in-service teacher education. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Bringing about change in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 21-30.
Keung, P. et al (1992)(2e) A teacher's handbook on teaching design of Putonghua for primary school teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 212pp.
Kirton, M.E. (1987) The implementation of the revised syllabus for English in Hong Kong primary schools, with pedagogical and cultural implications: Theory versus practice: a case study. M.A.. Thesis. Canterbury: University of Kent.
Johnson, R.K. (1987) ESL teacher-training (in Hong Kong): the case for the prosecution. In V. Bickley (Ed) Re-exploring CELT: continuing education for language teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 16-28.
Johnson, R.K. (1992) TESOL teacher-training for content subject teachers in L2 immersion programmes. In J. Flowerdew et al (Eds) (1992) Perspectives on Second Language Teacher Education. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 167-185.
Johnson, R.K., C. Shek & E. Law (1993) Using English as the medium of instruction in Hong Kong schools. Teaching in Hong Kong: Vol.6. Hong Kong: Longman (Far East). 140pp.
Kwo, O. (1989) Language education in a changing economic and cultural context: the teaching of Putonghua in Hong Kong schools. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 10,4. 297-306.
Kwo, O. (1992) The teaching of Putonghua in Hong Kong schools: language education in a changing economic and political context. In G. Postiglione (Ed) Education and society in Hong Kong: towards one country and 2 systems. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 203-214.
Lai, E. F-K. (1993) Do summer English programmes work miracles ? In N. Bird et al (Eds) Language and Content. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 132-139.
Lai, E F-K. (1994) Self-access learning in the United Kingdom: insights for the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Occasional Papers in Language Teaching, 4 (ELT Unit: Chinese University of Hong Kong). 8-17.
Lam, H. P. (1995) Methodology washback - an insider’s view. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Bringing about change in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 83-102.
Lam, Y.K.W. (1995) Investigating the oral fluency of 15 EFL teachers: a quantitative approach revisited. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Language awareness in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 133-148.
Lau, M. & M. Murphy (Eds) (1992) Developing Writing: Purposes and Practices. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Lee, H-M. (1984) The teaching of characters and words and its relations with reading and writing in the Chinese subject at the primary level. Language Learning and Communication, 3,2. 93-127.
Lee, H-M. (1987) A study on the standardisation of commonly-used Chinese characters in relation to language teacher training. In Bickley, V. (Ed) Re-exploring CELT: continuing education for language teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 51-66.
Lee, H-M. (1988a) A discussion on the practicalities and impracticalities of language programmes in CELT. In Bickley, V. (Ed) Languages in education in a bi-lingual or multi-lingual setting. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 73-82.
Lee, H-M. (1988b) Learning Chinese through extra-curricular activities in schools. New Horizons, 29. 16-26.
Lee, H-M. (1990) The integration of reading and writing. New Horizons (H.K.), 31. 16-21.
Lee, H-M. (1991) The teaching of Chinese grammar. ILE Journal, 7. 53-61.
Lee, H-M. et al (1991) The design of classroom activities for the teaching of reading. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 138pp.
Lee, H-M. (1991) Language or literature ?. In H-M. Lee & K-C. Ho (Eds) (1991) Where from here ? Issues relating to the planning, managing and implementation of language teaching and training programmes in the 90's [Chinese language proceedings from 6th ILE Conference, 1990]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 80-90.
Lee, H-M. (1992) The use and teaching of Chinese characters and words. In H-M. Lee & K-C. Ho (Eds) Quilt and Quill: achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning [Chinese language proceedings from 7th ILE Conference, 1991]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 354pp.
Lee, H-M. (1993) Chinese language teaching and TTRA: the current and future trends of Chinese language teaching in Hong Kong. In Bird, N. et al (Eds) Language and Content. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 52-63.
Lee, H-M, H.C. Lee & S.H. Cheung (1992) The Design of Classroom Activities for the Teaching of Reading. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 138pp.
Leung, F. & H. Pierson (1987) Toward a better understanding of computer assisted language learning in the continuing education of teachers. In V. Bickley (Ed) Re-exploring CELT: the Continuing Education of Language Teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 303-308.
Leung, P. (1991) An evaluation study of a programme to teach standard report writing. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 14. 65-79.
Li, Y.C. et al (1993) Language proficiency requirements for teachers of Putonghua and the design of Putonghua courses and materials for teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
Littlewood, W. (1993) TTRA in perspective. New Horizons, 34. 4-8.
Maley, A. (1989) Divided worlds: divided minds. In V. Bickley, (Ed) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 20-33.
Mo, P-K. (1986) An analysis of the communicative functions of the revised English syllabuses for Hong Kong schools. M. Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 127pp.
Pang, T. T-T. (1994) Networking self-access: linking language education with community. Occasional Papers in Language Teaching, 4 (ELT Unit: Chinese University of Hong Kong). 37-42.
Pierson, H. (1994a) Fact-finding trip to language resource centres in Europe and its implications for language policy at CUHK. Occasional Papers in Language Teaching, 4 (ELT Unit: Chinese University of Hong Kong). 1-7.
Pierson, Herbert (1994b) Preparing teachers for self-access: Hong Kong experiences. In E. Esch (ed.) Self-Access and the Adult Language Learner. London: CILT. 137-139.
Poon, E. Y-W. (1994) Developing materials for the Independent Learning Centre at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. In E. Esch (Ed.) Self-Access and the Adult Language Learner. London: CILT. 159-164.
Richards, J., B. Ho & K. Giblin (1992) Learning how to teach: a study of EFL teachers in pre-service training. Research Report No. 19. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 72pp.
Richards, J., P. Tung & P. Ng (1992) The culture of the English language teacher: a Hong Kong example. RELC Journal, 23,1. 81-102.
Sengupta, S. (1989) A study of English teachers’ attitudes and expectations concerning target-related assessment and students’ needs. M.Ed. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Tibbetts, J. (1994) Materials production for self-access centres in secondary schools. In Gardner, D. & L. Miller (Eds) (1994) Directions in Self-access Language Learning. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 115-126.
Tongue, R. (1981) English as a foreign language at primary level: the search for content. In Y-S. Cheung, G. Wiersma & J. Hung (Eds) The Teaching of English in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Eagle Press. 5-10.
Wong, A. (1977) A brief comparison of the structural and communicational English syllabus and suggestions on planning supplementary communicational materials for Forms 4 and 5 in Hong Kong. Source ? 69pp.
Wong, A. et al. (1981) A handbook for developing bilingual education opportunities for Cantonese-speaking students. Sacramento, Ca: California Department of Education.
Wong, V. Y-W. (1980) Language training policy in the Hong Kong civil service. M. Soc. Sci.. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 114pp.
Yang, S-H. (1982) A content analysis of elementary school grammar readers in the People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong. PhD. Thesis. Boston, MA: Harvard University. UMI (1983). 232pp
Yau, J. (1994) Toward autonomous learning in Hong Kong secondary schools?. The Hong Kong Linguist,13. 49-62.
Young, R. & S. Lee (1983) ESL curriculum innovation and teachers’ attitudes. Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 7. Language centre, The University of Hong Kong. 1-17.
Yu, F-Y (1987) Tradition and change in Chinese Education. In Lord, R. & H. Cheng (Eds) (1987) Language Education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 219-230.
CHAPTER 13: LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT AND PROGRAMME EVALUATION
There has, of course, been far more work done in Hong Kong in the area of language assessment than is reflected by the few studies listed below. The main criterion for including papers in this chapter has been that the work should throw some light on the language profile or problems of language users and learners in Hong Kong. I have, therefore, not included theoretical work on language assessment which I feel makes only incidental or instrumental reference to the subjects of the study.
Allison, D. & E. Cheung (1991) `Good' and `Poor' writing and writers: studying individual performance as a part of placement test validation. Hong Kong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 14. 1-14.
Berry, V. (1995) Current assessment issues and practices in Hong Kong: A preview. [Introduction to Colloquium on Assessment and change in the classroom]. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Bringing about change in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 31-34.
Boyle, J. & P. Falvey (Eds) (1994) English Language Testing in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
Burnett, M. & J. Hunt (1995) The Graduating Students’ Language Proficiency Assessment Project (GSLPA). In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Bringing about change in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 45-52.
Chan, J. (1979) Problems of psychological testing in two languages in Hong Kong. In R. Lord & B. T'sou (Eds) Studies in Bilingual Education. Hong Kong: Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 110-113.
Clark (1993) The Hong Kong model for TTRA standards design: origins and major characteristics. Curriculum Forum, 3,1 (Univ. of Hong Kong/Longman). 1-5.
Clark, J. (1993) Targets and target-related assessment: Hong Kong's project in standards-setting for the improvement of student learning. In Education Standards for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: US Department of Education. 62-70.
Clark, J. & A. Scarino (1992) Targets and target-related assessment (in H.K..): an overview. In N. Bird & J. Harris (Eds) Quilt and Quill: achieving and
maintaining quality in language teaching and learning. Institute of Language in Education, Hong Kong Education Department. 475-490.
Coniam, D. (1990) Essay marking: a comparison of criterion marking and norm-referenced marking (for Hong Kong Use of English exams). ILE Journal, 7. 154-165.
Coniam, D. (1994) Developing an ability scale for English across the range of secondary school forms. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 17. 55-62.
Education Department (1992) A study on the relation between initial language proficiency at S1 level and subsequent HKCEE performance for medium-of-instruction grouping. Hong Kong: Educational Research establishment, Hong Kong Education Department. 73pp.
Godman, A. (1964) The attainment and ability of Hong Kong primary IV pupils: a first study. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press [for the Hong Kong Council for Educational Research]. 85pp.
Ho, K-C. (1987) A new attempt at Putonghua oral assessment: an introduction to the oral assessment of the final examination of the in-service Putonghua proficiency course run by the Hong Kong Education department. In Bickley, V. (Ed) Re-exploring CELT: continuing education for language teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 142-160.
Hong Kong Education Department (1938) Regulations for the Hong Kong School Certificate Examination. Hong Kong Education Department. 25pp.
Jones, R. (1995) Self-assessment of pronunciation by Chinese tertiary students. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Language awareness in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 169-180.
King, R. (1994) Historical survey of English language testing in Hong Kong. In J. Boyle & P. Falvey (Eds) English Language Testing in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 3-29.
Lai, C. (1991) Towards more communication: Hong Kong secondary school English syllabus revisited. Perspectives, 3,1. 98-107.
Lam, H-P. (1993) Washback - can it be quantified ? A study on the impact of English examinations in Hong Kong. M.A. Thesis. Leeds: The University of Leeds.
Lee, L-M. (1979) Public examinations go bilingual for Hong Kong primary and secondary schools. In R. Lord & B. T'sou (Eds) Studies in Bilingual Education. Hong Kong: Language Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 114-121.
Lee, T. Y-P. (1982) An analytical and empirical study of the concept of language proficiency and its consequences for the development of an English language proficiency test battery. M.Phil. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 169pp.
Lee, T. Y-P. et al (Eds) (1985) New directions in language testing. Papers presented at the International Symposium on Language Testing, University of Hong Kong. Language Teaching methodology series. New York: Pergamon Press. 170pp.
Lewkowicz, J. (1992) Assessing students at tertiary level: how can we improve ? Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 15. 29-46.
Lewkowicz, J. et al (1992) A comparison of the predictive validity of two measures of (HKU) student abilities in academic writing. In N. Bird & J. Harris (Eds) Quilt and Quill: achieving and maintaining quality in language teaching and learning. Institute of Language in Education, Hong Kong Education Department. 458-470.
Mitchell, R. (1991) Validating language tests: a Hong Kong case study. Research report No. 10. English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 101pp.
Ortmeyer, C.R. (1978) An exploratory study of the language background questionnaire: its uses and limitations. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 88pp.
Storey, P. (1995) Reading and problem solving: the interaction of individual differences and task types. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Bringing about change in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 121-148.
Tong, K., R. Chan & J. Lewkowicz (1991) To test or not to test, that is the question. Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 14. 15-23.
Tung, P. C-S. (1981) Examining oral skills: designing communicative tests in EFL for Hong Kong secondary schools. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 2 vols.
Wong, G. H-Y. (1995) Coherence rating: what goes on in raters’ minds ? In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Language awareness in language education.
Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 149-168.
Workman, G. (aka Bickley) (1987) Hong Kong teachers and the Use of English examination. In V. Bickley (Ed) Re-exploring CELT: continuing education for language teachers. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 192-217.
Yu, F.Y. (1979) A report on an assessment of the standard of English of pupils in Hong Kong. Working Papers in Language and Language Teaching, 1. 20-37.
CHAPTER 14: LANGUAGES FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES IN HONG KONG
[Including ESP and Translation]
This chapter covers both accounts of specific-purpose language teaching programmes and studies of particular domains of language use, whether professional (e.g. Chen, 1992), commercial (e.g. O'Brien, 1989; Tauroza & Miller, 1993), religious (e.g. Aubuzac, 1918), or the popular media (e.g. Li, 1993). The following chapter (15) on language in tertiary education also contains studies of specific domains of language use, but I felt there was sufficient justification for uniting work on language issues in higher education into a separate chapter.
Aubuzac, L. (1918) Lexique francais-cantonnais des termes de religion. Hong Kong: Nazareth. 207pp.
Baronsfeather, C.G.S. (1914) English-Cantonese Medical dispensary vocabulary from Chalmer’s English and Cantonese dictionary and other sources. Pakhoi: C.M.S. Mission Press. 37pp.
Bilbow, G. (1993) Pragmatic failure in cross-cultural business meetings. In T. Boswood et al. (Eds) (1993) Perspectives on English for Professional Communication. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 169-182.
Bilbow, G. (1995) Implementing quality in ESP training: experiences from the Hong Kong Vocational English programme. In D. Nunan, R. Berry and V. Berry (Eds) Bringing about change in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 161-170.
Boswood, T. (1992) English for professional communication: responding to Hong Kong employers’ needs for English graduates. Research Report No. 20. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 54pp.
Boswood, T. (1993) Employment prospects for EPC graduates in Hong Kong. In T. Boswood, R. Hoffman & P. Tung (Eds) (1993) Perspectives on English for Professional Communication. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 315-340.
Boswood, T., R. Hoffman & P. Tung (Eds) (1993) Perspectives on English for Professional Communication. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 345pp.
Boyle, E. (1993) ESP or EGP ? A question of priorities. System, 21,1. 79-85.
Boyle, J.P. (1985) The comprehension of English through listening among Hong Kong Chinese students. PhD Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 288pp.
Chen, A.H.Y. (1992) Law in a foreign language: the case of Hong Kong. Paper presented at Conference on Emerging educational challenges for law in Commonwealth Asia and Australasia: the implications for legal education. The University of Hong Kong. April.
Daly, C. (1958) Cantonese Missionary Handbook. Hong Kong: Catholic Truth Society. 2nd Edn. 336pp.
Du-Babcock, B. (1995) A comparison of use of L1 and L2 in small-group business decision-making meetings. Research Monograph, No. 6. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong. 102pp + Appendices.
Editorial (1992) Dealing with Asian suppliers that do not speak English. Asian Sources Computer Products, 9,5. 176-182.
Editorial (1995) A multilingual Hong Kong Institute of Engineers (HKIE): a blueprint for the future. Asia Engineer, April. 54-55.
Falvey, P. (1993) Towards a description of corporate text revision. PhD. Dissertation. Birmingham, U.K.: The University of Birmingham.
Fu, Y-X. (1989) A brief talk on differences in the journalistic language of Hong Kong and Canton. In E. Chen (Ed.) Shuangyu Shuangfangyan. Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Press. 132-141
Goodwin, J,, U. Wingate & Y. Wong (1995) Work experience as input for the development of a foreign language curriculum for business in Hong Kong. Working Papers in ELT and Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong Polytechnic University). 1,1. 45-54.
Ho, A. S-W. (1987) Discourse structure of English telephone conversation: a description of the closing. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 92pp.
Ho, K.K. (1982) Teaching Physics through English. Language Learning and Communication, 1,3. 283-288.
Lai, A. (1991/94) The ART in the use of `and' & `and/or' or `or': How it works [Alex Lai's way of easy understanding difficult legal language in the Employee’s Compensation Ordinance]. Hong Kong: Professionalmanship Publishing Co./Alex Lai’s Adjusters Co. 62pp.
Lam, S. S-M. (1987) A study of the use of written English in the Hong Kong civil service. M.A. Thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong. 102pp.
Lee, L. (1993) Discourse modes for decision-transmission at staff meetings in banks. In T. Boswood et al. (Eds) (1993) Perspectives on English for Professional Communication. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 183-202.
Lee, Y-C. (1984) A study of the syntax of legal Chinese. M.A. Dissertation. The University of Hong Kong.
Li, D.C-S et al. (1993) Contrastive discourse in English and Cantonese Newsstories: a preliminary analysis of Newspaper, radio and television versions of the Lan Kwai Fong Newsstory. Research Report No. 29. English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 158pp.
Low, G. (1981) ESP: `Grey areas' and the sixth form (in HK). In Y-S. Cheung, G. Wiersma & J. Hung (Eds) The teaching of English in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Eagle Press. 64-72.
Mackintosh, D. (1972) English as a functional tool - an extra-mural program (in Business English) in Hong Kong. Adult Education (London) 44,6. 38-385.
Marriott, A.D. (1996) Legal writing in a second language: the experience of Hong Kong. In J. Engberg & A. Trosberg (Eds) Linguists and lawyers: issues we confront. Tostedt, Germany: Attikon Verlag. 46-63
Marriott, A.D. & J. O’Connell (1995) A language teaching perspective on professional legal education (with reference to Hong Kong). The Journal of Professional Legal Education, 13,2. 147-172.
Ngan, H. & J. Kong (1995) A theoretical framework for teaching Chines-English/English-Chinese translation to tertiary students: the use of ‘foreign translation theories’ for `domestic’ purposes through S.E.A.S. In D. Nunan et al (Eds) Language awareness in language education. Proceedings of the 2nd ILE Conference. Hong Kong: Dept. of Curriculum Studies, The University of Hong Kong. 199-214.
Nunan, D. & G. Forey (1996) ) Communication in the Professional Workplace Project: Phase I Research Report. 2 parts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Society of Accountants. 54pp + 31pp.
Nunan, D., G. Forey, J. Foo & R. Fossard (1996) Communication in the Professional Workplace Project: Interim Report. Hong Kong: English Centre, The University of Hong Kong. 54pp.
O'Brien, W. (1989) Hai bin do ahh ?: Whither English as Hong Kong's business lingua franca ? Amcham 21,7. 17-20.
Poon, W. (1989) Language ability, motivation and learning habits of business students. In V. Bickley (Ed) Language teaching and learning styles within and across cultures. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education. 100-111.
Poon, W. (1991) Needs analysis of business students and its implications for curriculum review and development. Perspectives, 3,1. 66-78.
Poon, W. (1992) An analysis of the language needs of accountants and company administrators in Hong Kong. Research Report No. 21. English Department, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 63pp + Appendices.
Roberts, C. (1982) Needs analyses for ESP programmes. Language Learning and Communication, 1,1. 105-120.
Schemerhorn, J. (1990) An empirical reminder about language effects in cross-cultural business and management research: the case of bilingual subjects. Hong Kong Journal of Business Management, 8. 57-65.
Tauroza, S. & L. Miller (1993) In-company language trainers, tertiary level ESP teachers and self-access language learning: the case for collaboration. In T. Boswood et al. (Eds) (1993) Perspectives on English for Professional Communication. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. 305-313.
Ujejsky, T. (1989) The future of the English language in Hong Kong Law. In R. Wacks (Ed) The future of the law in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 164-185.
Wells, H.R. (1931) Commercial conversation in Cantonese and English. Hong Kong: Kae Shean Printing Co. 82 + 52pp.
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CHAPTER 15: TERTIARY EDUCATION IN HONG KONG:
PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS & PROGRAMMES
As already noted, there will inevitably be some overlap with the previous chapter. There has been a noticeable trend among tertiary language teachers away from decontextualised excursions into language learning theory toward the study of context-specific and specific purpose language programmes. I feel this trend is likely to accelerate, as teachers grow suspicious of attitudinal and behaviouristic generalizations across cultures, and interest correspondingly grows in more ethnographic studies of teaching and learning contexts - notably at the level of disciplinary cultures and the relationships drawn between language and disciplinary `content' (e.g. Bruce, 1993; Pennycook, 1994).
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